Date:    1545, April 24.  Valladolid, Spain
Theme: In a letter-instruction from Prince Phillip of Spain to a Crown’s envoy-auditor (and designated oidor) sent to Santo Domingo, the prince approved the selling to the City of eighteen (Black) slaves owned by the Crown and the sending of a military squad to fight two groups of maroons roaming in La Española, both occurred the year before; recommended the issuing of ordinances regulating the treatment of slaves by masters; and okayed a local discussion about freeing or deporting ladino or creole enslaved Blacks due to their fixation with obtaining liberty and their inclination to incite non-ladino slaves to rebel for it
Source: PARES, Archivo General de Indias, SANTO_DOMINGO,868,L.2-245 Recto–Imagen Núm:489/766

Date:     1545, April 24.  Valladolid, Spain.
Theme:  In a letter-instruction from Prince Phillip of Spain to a Crown’s envoy-auditor (and designated oidor) sent to Santo Domingo, the prince acknowledges that the goal of La Española’s maroons was the enjoyment of freedom
Source: PARES, Archivo General de Indias, SANTO_DOMINGO,868,L.2-245 Recto–Imagen, Núm:489/766 

[fo. 239r.]

[…] 

Response to Licenciado Cerrato /

 

  
  r

                           The Prince /               

Licenciado Cerrato, audit judge of the Española /
island, I saw your letter or 17 of September of the /
past year of one thousand and five hundred and forty and four /
and in this one / I will mandate that it is responded to /

[…]

[fo. 239v.]

 

 

[fo. 240r.]

 

 

[fo. 240v.]

 

 

[fo. 241r.]       6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                   7

  r

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  r

 

I saw what you say that his majesty made a grant to /
that city of Santo Domingo of  the third /
of the cows that he had in that island, and /
that the oidores and officials felt that /
it was very great inconvenience that someone /
had in that island the iron and mark /
of his majesty’s cows, because anybody/
who may have it with that [   ] is master /
of all the herds of his majesty and that, /
due to this cause, the city wanting to sell  /
this third of the caws, since others offered /
more for them, gave them to the officials /
for two thousand and seven hundred castellanos /
and fifty young bulls, which are /
to be paid out from what they [the cows] may rent /
and in no other manner, and that it seems that /
this was convenient, because it should not be more nor /
less cost with the two thirds than with all, /
and also that also twenty blacks /
had been purchased for his majesty’s constructions /
that cost one thousand and two hundred and fifty /
castellanos, and that one of these died /
and another one left to the cattle ranches of /
his majesty where he is a cowboy, and that the eighteen /
have served in the constructions and  that because /
you thought they were an expense with no benefit /
you ordered them to be sold and they were sold /
on credit for a year in that city for one thousand /
and seven hundred and three castellanos / and /
all of it, both the purchase of the cows as /
the sale of the blacks has seemed to me /
well,  you will be careful that when the time comes /
the one thousand and seven hundred and three castellanos /
that you say they give for the eighteen blacks /
are collected from the city / 

I has pleased me that the [matter] of the /
maroon blacks is left in good state, and it is /
good what you say that to capture /
the two captainships of theirs that wandered in that /
island a captain was sent with fifteen men /
and he found one and destroyed it completely, /
so that some were killed and others imprisoned  and /
others returned to their masters, and that later he found /
the other and he destroyed it as well, so /
they killed some of them and apprehended /
others to whom justice was done, and that out of thirty /
and seven that wandered in that captainship /
only fifteen were left, in chase of whom /
has also gone the captain of the fifteen /
Christians. /  So that from here on not /
so many rebel you will do some good /
ordinances in the way you deem, about /
the treatment that their masters must give /
to the blacks / 

[fo. 241v.]

                        8

 

9

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  r

 

As to what you say that, in regards to this [matter] /
of the blacks, you think one thing that should be /
done, which you have discussed with /
some denizens and men of experience of that /
island, and they agree on it, and that is that no /
chance is allowed that there be many ladino slaves /
born in the land, because this is a  /
bad nation of people and very daring /
and badly inclined, and that from experience it /
has been seen that all those who incite those /
blacks and make themselves captains of them have /
been and are ladinos, because the bozales /
do not have that ability, and that also /
this was seen in the matter of Enriquillo, and that /
so it seems that it would be convenient or freeing them /
since they do not yearn but freedom, /
or expelling them from that island.  You must discuss it with /
the city council members and the most important of that land /
and with their advise you will decide /
on it what you see as convenient. / 

It is good what you say that you sent /
Cacique Garci Hernández in pursue of/

[fo. 242r.]

 

of cacique Murcia, who was rebelled /                        ccxxli  /
in some mountain chains though he did no ill, /
to reduce him to the service of his majesty /
and so he be peaceful, and that he did not /
found him, given that he found trace of where /
he and his people had been, and that  of /
the said Garci Hernández it was known that all /
that area of  the island was safe /
of blacks / you will always be careful  /
of deciding in  these things what you see /
is convenient /

[fo. 242v.]

 

 

[fo. 243r.]

 

 

[fo. 243v.]

 

 

[fo. 244r.]

 

 

[fo. 244v.]

                                       21               

  r

[…] in Valladolid on XXIII of /
April of one thousand and five hundred forty and five years /
I the Prince, certified by Samano /
signed by the cardinal of Seville and Bernal /
and Velazquez, Gregorio López /

Date:    1545, April 24.  Valladolid, Spain.
Theme: In a letter-instruction from Prince Phillip of Spain to a Crown’s envoy-auditor (and designated oidor) sent to Santo Domingo, the prince approved the selling to the City of eighteen (black) slaves owned by the Crown and the sending of a military squad to fight two groups of maroons roaming in La Española, both occurred the year before; recommended the issuing of ordinances regulating the treatment of slaves by masters; and okayed a local discussion about freeing or deporting ladino or creole enslaved blacks due to their fixation with obtaining liberty and their inclination to incite non-ladino slaves to rebel for it
Source: PARES, Archivo General de Indias, SANTO_DOMINGO,868,L.2-245 Recto–Imagen Núm:489/766
 

According to Spanish Prince Phillip in a letter written on April 24, 1545, royal envoy-auditor Alonso Cerrato sent to La Española had reported in a letter of September 1544 doing progress in fighting black maroons or rebel slaves in the colony.  Two squads ‘captainships” (“capitanias”) or gangs of maroons were active at the time.  The colonial government reportedly sent against them “a captain with fifteen men” that confronted and dissolved one of the maroon groups, with part of the rebels killed and part captured and returned “to their owners.” The military squad also engaged the other maroon group, reportedly formed by thirty seven individuals, twenty two of which were either killed or captured, the latter being “brought to justice,” probably executed. The remaining fifteen rebels were still being chased by the colonial squad at the time Cerrato wrote to the Crown.

In response to Cerrato’s report, Phillip instructed him to put in place “some good ordinances in the manner you deem [appropriate] about the treatment the blacks should be given by their masters,” “so that from here onward they do not rebel so much.”  This observation by the king seems to express a relatively clear notion, on the part of the monarch, about certain limits the slave owners should not surpass in the relations of power and exploitation vis a vis the enslaved population.

On the other hand, this order seems to be the explanation for an incomplete set of ordinances with no exact date nor place of issuance, but evidently pertaining to sixteenth-century La Española, also held at Archivo General de Indias and published in the 19th century in one of the classic collections of early Spanish colonial sources.  This document has been somewhat neglected by historians. These ordinances are most likely the result of Cerrato and the members of the Audiencia of Santo Domingo complying with Prince Phillip’s order as spelled out in this letter, possibly drafted or issued later in 1545 or sometime in 1546.

Prince Phillip, using again the generalized term “the blacks” (“los negros”) to refer to the slaves, indicates that Cerrato had reported having discussed and agreed “with some denizens and men of experience of that island” to “not allow there to be many ladino slaves born in the land because this is an evil nation of people and very daring and badly inclined.”  Cerrato is also said to have stated that “per experience it has been seen that all who mutiny those black and become their captains have been and are ladinos, because the bozales do not have that ability, and that this was seen as well in Enriquillo’s matter.”  Furthermore, in the judge’s view these ladinos “it would be convenient either to manumit them, since they do not want but liberty, or to expel them from that island.”

Such a characterization, more than four decades after the recorded arrival of black African population at La Española, shows two circumstances. It is a testimony about the existence of a creole-native black population in the colony. It also contradicts some generalizing scholarly notions that have defined ladinos as a socially integrated population, identified with the slave-owning colonizers, and obedient. This, in contrast to a native black African population brought in by force through the transatlantic slave trade, alien to European enculturation and with stronger sentiments of independence, and thus more prone to a confrontational rebelliousness. Equally interesting in this document is the comparison with the rebellion led by indigenous leader Enriquillo, seen here as aladino, in this case of native ethnicity, instigator of rebellions among other ethnicity members less socialized into the colonizer’s culture.

The prince ordered Cerrato to further discuss these ideas “with the [Santo Domingo] city council members and principals of that land” and “with their advice” to decide in it “what you may think is convenient.”

es_ESSpanish