Date: 1500. La Española
Theme: A free young Black man, named Juan Moreno or Juan Prieto, who worked as Christopher Columbus’ servant in La  Española, is considered the first Black person on record to arrive in the Americas since 1492.
Source: España. Ministerio de Cultura, Educación y Deporte, Archivo General de Simancas, INC. 13, 1ra. Parte, fo. 13v.- 21r., 2da. Parte, fo. 4v.- 5r.
Note: This translation is based on a transcription donated by paleographer and archivist Isabel Aguirre Landa.  An earlier version was published in Consuelo Varela: La caída de Cristóbal Colón. El juicio de Bobadilla. Madrid, 2006.

Date: 1500. La Española
Theme: A young black man, named Juan Moreno or Juan Prieto, who worked as Christopher Columbus’ servant in La  Española, is considered the first black person on record to arrive in the Americas since 1492.
Source: España. Ministerio de Cultura, Educación y Deporte, Archivo General de Simancas, INC. 13, 1ra. Parte, fo. 13v.- 21r., 2da. Parte, fo. 4v.- 5r.
Note: This translation is based on a transcription donated by paleographer and archivist Isabel Aguirre Landa.  An earlier version was published in Consuelo Varela: La caída de Cristóbal Colón. El juicio de Bobadilla. Madrid, 2006.

[First Part] 

[fo. 13v.]


Witness 1  /

Adrian, hanged /

About the clergyman that absolved /
and confessed him /












Witness 2 / 

That the admiral ordered /
to have twelve or thirteen men flogged /
because when hungry they traded /
gold /







That he had a woman flogged because/
she said she was pregnant and/
she was not /

And because she said ill about the Admiral /
another one had her tongue cut off /

That he ordered Luquitas to be hanged because /
of one or one half of a fanega of wheat that/
he stole when hungry and, begged by a few,/
he ordered him to be flogged and have his nose and ears cut off, /
and to be exiled and to have a shackle put on a foot / 

13/ 

of the ones that had killed the said Indians in that /
province, and that he knows it because he saw and heard it /

About the issue of justice
Pedro Ortiz, clergyman, says that he confessed Adrián, /
and that the cause why it was publicly said that he was /
hanged was because he and other had /
to go to Santo Domingo to free[1] Don Fernando /
de Guevara, who was imprisoned under /
orders of the Admiral; and that this witness /
pleaded with the Admiral, on his knees, to wait /
until the following day, because he was confused and /
could not confess well, and he did not want to do it /
and that he turned to him and confessed him and absolved him; and that when /
the chain was removed and the rope was wrapped/
the neck he said: “Traitors, dogs, why do you /
want to hang me this way without confessing?”, and thus /
they tied him to a beam and threw him from a /
crenel. /

Francisco de Sesé says that about six years /
and a half ago the Admiral ordered to flog in /
the streets twelve o thirteen good men, tied by /
their necks, leashed by their feet one following /
the others, because in need and hungry, the way the /
land was back then, they went to the ships and /
bartered some peso of gold for pieces /
of bacon and for bread and for some wine to /
eat, and that there was no other reason, and that the announcement said /
“Because they bartered and gave out gold without a license /
from the Admiral.”  /

Also, he says that he ordered to flog a woman on top of /
a donkey, stark naked at la Isabela, /
and they flogged her because she said that she was pregnant /
and the pregnancy was found not to be true; and to another, because she said ill /
about the Admiral and his brothers, they cut her tongue off /
and the ill she had said was that his father, the Admiral’s, /
had been a [tejedor] and his brothers artisans. /

Also, he says that Luquitas, because he stole a fanega /
or a half of wheat, being very hungry, he ordered him /
to be hanged, and at the begging of some, he ordered /

 

[fo. 14r.]

That they flogged Pero, his companion./


That they nailed Arnate /
by a hand because he took /
a hake. /


They flogged a servant of /
Bernal de Pisa because he lost /
seven sheep and later /
they were found. /










Juan Moreno was flogged because /
he went to hunt and for being a rascal /






Because Comillas said: /
“Long live the king, and in time another one will come,” he began to/
chase him until he hanged him. /

That Vanegas, his overseer /
and Pedro Gallego, his /
[  ], were hanged /
because they sold certain /
bread from the supplies, /
without a trial. /

He ordered Lucena to be hanged /
because he went off to search /
for food with Cabrejas. /

Also, he says that to a Juan Moreno, who went to hunt with /
a dog for the pantry of the Admiral, and because /
he did not bring back a lot of game, he ordered to give him one hundred lashes /
which were given by and Indian, and the said Moreno /
announced it going on foot and naked /
saying that he ordered for those to be given to him for being a rogue. /

Also, he says that while at La Isabela, because /
Comillas said: “Long live the king, that in time /
another one will come,” he began to chase him until /
he ordered that the be hanged. /

Also, that to Benegas, his overseer, and to Pedro /
Gallego, his [despensero], because he found out that they had/
given out and sold certain pieces of bread from the provisions to the /
 Christians, he ordered them to be hanged, and that they/
hanged them  and that there was no process nor inquiry /
against them. /

Also, he says that he ordered Lucena to be hanged because /
he went off to look for food with Cabrejas, who was /
a captain, and was ten leagues away from La Concepción./

 

[fo. 21r.][2] 

Witness 13. /
Lucena hanged and /
he confessed he had slept /
with an Indian woman. /
Giliberto and Antón, who killed /
the dog, on was flogged, the other brought next to the gallows./

Witness14 /
Vanegas, overseer , /
and Pedro Gallego, [   ], /
because Vanegas /
had fought with don Diego, brother of the Admiral. /


Salinas, hanged /
because he made certifications /
as a notary /
and because he belonged to Bernal de Pisa. /

Comillas, hanged /
because he said “Long live /
the King.” /

That he saw Pedro Pastor and another companion of his /
being flogged /
because they had lost six /
or seven sheep. /

That he saw Juan /
Prieto being flogged /
for being a rascal. /

Lucena, hanged. /

Jorge de Zamora, whose /
indians were killed. /

Adrián and Moyano and /
Alarcón, hanged. /

Riquelme, enjailed  to be /
hanged. /

That he saw many persons /
die because the Admiral /
did not want to remedy them /
with food supplies, and that /
he sold them at excessive /
prices, and that most of these /
died without being confessed /
because he brought with him the clergy. /

That he saw nine men being flogged /
tied onto a leash because they had /
gone away to search for food. /


Toribio Muñoz says about the death of Martín de Lucena /
and that, while tortured, he confessed to having slept with /
and Indian woman.  Also, Giliberto and Antón de Cozar[3] say /
that they killed the dog.[4] /





Pedro Camacho says that he saw Vanegas and /
Pedro Gallego being hanged and that the truth why hanged /
Vanegas, because he had quarreled with Don Diego /
with words and he had leveled with him. /



Also, he says that they hanged Salinas, chamber  /
notary of their highnesses, because he certified /
the things that really happened and because he was a servant /
of Bernal de Pisa./

Also, he says that they hanged Comillas because he said: /
“Long live the king,” and the reasons why it happened are /
different. /

Also, he says he saw Pedro Pastor and other /
companion of his being flogged because they had lost /
six or seven sheep. /


Also, that he saw the flogging of Juan Prieto, who was gone to hunt /
with a female dog, and he lost it and did not bring back any game; and /
the announcement said: “ for [being] a rogue and because he lied to his / lord.” /

Also, he talks of the death of Luzena. /

Also, he says what he heard about the death of  Jorge de /
Zamora. /

Also, he says he saw Adrián and Moyano and Alarcón /
hanged. / 

Also, he says that he had Requelme jailed and he wanted /
to hang him./

Also, he says that he saw many persons die because /
the Admiral did not want to assist them with some /
provisions that he later sold to people /
at excessive prices, and that most of these /
died without confessing because he brought with him /
all the clergymen and did not distribute them along  the /
towns. /


Also, he says that he saw nine men being flogged [tied] in /
a leash because they had gone out to seek /
something to eat. / 

[Second Part ] 

[fo. 4v.]
               The said Rodrigo Pérez says: that many times he heard the Admiral say about the things of that /

land “To us, to us [they] should give the credit about them, /
since we gained and found this land,” and later /
at the end, as if tired, he used to say: “As per their highnesses’ mandate.” /

 

About Lope de Olano and Francisco de Montalván /
The said Rodrigo Pérez says: that Lope de Olano, treasurer, was held / 

 

prisoner by the Adelantado for nothing /
in a pit, and he wanted to cut off /
his hand or give him some physical /
punishment, if Francisco Roldán had  not /
prevented him. /

Also, he says that Francisco de Montalván beat up /
the said Lope de Olano with a stick treacherously, by the church /
and inside it, and that he was jailed; and for fear that /
it would be discovered that the said adelantado  had ordered /
this to him, he decided to consent that he be hanged, and /
under agreement, order and advice of the said adelantado /
he was condemned to death for a day and a night, /
and that the day he was to be hanged this witness [and] the /
adelantado went[5] away to watch over the cow herd /
so he would not see it, and that [some people] approached this witness with /
Lope de Olano injured, [begging] that for God’s sake he would not die.  /
And this witness pardoned his life and ordered that he had /
a hand cut off , and when the adelantado returned that night and /
learned of it, he was furious with this witness, saying /
that he could not do it without him and he grabbed the dagger; /
and this witness took off fleeing and left the rod /
with him. /

                          Francisco de Montalván says: that the adelantado told him a few times that he was/

 

very upset with Lope de Olano and that he did not have /
anyone that cared about his honor, and thinking that he /
pleased him, he had beaten up Lope de Olano  with a stick /
and that he did not want to disclose[6] that he had been ordered /
by the adelantado, though he was condemned to death /
for it and they cut off his hand until /
he knew that the adelantado had participated in condemning /
him. /

 

About Pedro, shepherd, who was flogged, and about Juan /
Moreno /

The said Rodrigo Pérez says: That don Diego ordered Pedro, shepherd, to be flogged because /

 

he had lost a flock of sheep, and Juan Moreno /
because he sent him to hunt and he lost the female dog and /
had lied to him once or twice. /

   

 

[fo. 5r.]
                          Francisco de Sesé says:  That two men that tended sheep belonging to the King /

 

lost six or seven sheep, and that one of them /
was a servant of Bernal de Pisa and /
came to the town without known that the cattle /
had been lost; and they apprehended him and he ordered /
that he be flogged, and the other that stayed with the cattle /
hid himself out of fear, and that the said Pedro, /
servant of Bernal de Pisa, offered, /
in exchange for not being flogged, seven sheep /
for each of the lost ones; and that  /
another day, after they had given /
him one hundred lashes, the sheep appeared. /

Also, he says that Juan Moreno went off to hunt with /
a dog for the Admiral’s provisions and because /
he did not bring much game, he ordered that he be given one hundred /
lashes, which were given by an Indian, and /
Moreno himself cried out the announcement while walking and /
naked, saying that he ordered those to be given to him for /
being a rogue. /

Francisco Manzorro says: That don Diego and Rodrigo Pérez ordered a hundred /

 

lashes to be given to a servant of Bernal de pisa because /
he tended sheep with another lad and /
seven were lost, and that the other lad fled /
to the church, this one saying he had lost them /
and not the one they flogged. /

Pedro Camacho says that he saw Juan Prieto being flogged, that /

 

he had gone away to hunt with a female dog and he lost it /
and brought no game, and the announcement said “For /
being a rogue, and because he lied to his lord.”  /                

 

                            About Juan de Luxan, beheaded, and about Gaspar /
                            Salinas, hanged /

Francisco Roldán, alcalde, says: That a trial that he did against Gaspara and another one /                    

 

against Juan de Luxán, that the Admiral had taken them /
to Castille, when he came to it ./                   

Mateo  Valenciano says: That as per the orders from the Admiral, they hanged Gaspar, /

 

because they said that Juan Ramírez had complained/
about him, that he was a Sodomite./

 



[1] In between lines: “to free.”

 

[2] Crossed out: Witness 13.  He talks about the death of Martín de Lucena and [says] that, when tortured, he confessed that he had slept with and Indian woman.  Also, he says that they hanged Vanegas and Pedro Gallego, and the truth about why Vanegas was hanged, because he had argued with Don Diego verbally and had behaved as an equal with him.  Also he says that Salinas, notary of the chamber of his highness, was hanged because he issued affidavits of the things that indeed happened and because he was a servant of Bernal de Pisa.

[3] Pomar.

[4] After “dog,”  “Witness fourteen” is crossed out.

[5] In the Spanish original the verb go is written in singular, though the subject of the clause are two persons, Columbus and the witness that is talking in the first person. [CUNY DSI.]

[6] After “disclose”, “that non” is crossed out.

Date: 1500. La Española.
Theme: A young black man, named Juan Moreno or Juan Prieto, who worked as Christopher Columbus’ servant in La  Española, is considered the first black person on record to arrive in the Americas since 1492.
Source: España. Ministerio de Cultura, Educación y Deporte, Archivo General de Simancas, INC. 13, 1ra. Parte, fo. 13v.- 21r., 2da. Parte, fo. 4v.- 5r.
Note: This transcription has been donated by paleographer and archivist Isabel Aguirre Landa. An earlier version was published in Consuelo Varela: La caída de Cristóbal Colón.  El juicio de Bobadilla. Madrid, 2006. 

The earliest person of black African descent known to arrive in the Americas for whom there is a historical record is a Juan Moreno or Juan Prieto, a then young black man that worked as a servant of Christopher Columbus and was part of the 1492 expedition across the Atlantic that arrived in La Española in December of that year.  The oldest document where he is mentioned is the record of a judicial inquiry launched in La Española by the Spanish Crown in 1500 about Christopher Columbus’ behavior as governor of the new colony during the prior seven years, and it was published in 2006 by historians Consuelo Varela and Isabel Aguirre.[1]  This record includes a few depositions by three different witnesses that mention Moreno or Prieto as one among several of the colony’s settlers that suffered harsh physical punishment, including execution in some cases, at the order of Columbus for any act the Admiral considered out of line in those trying early years of the colony. [2] 

The young Juan Prieto or Moreno mentioned in the 1500 document has been identified as the same “Juan Portugués, black” colonizer that appeared as a deponent in another, later judicial inquiry of 1515 done in the village of Santa María de la Antigua del Darién (in the Caribbean coast of today’s Colombia) that had been first commented upon by historian Juan Gil Fernández in a study published in 1984.  Gil was the first scholar to identify Portugués  as the first black person to arrive in the Americas in modern times, based precisely on the 1515 deposition given by a then adult Juan in response to an inquiry, launched at the time by the Spanish Crown while trying to find people who had known Christopher Columbus in person for the purpose of clarifying the titles and rights owned by the Crown to Columbus’ descendants.[3]

The colonists that mentioned Juan Prieto or Moreno while responding to the 1500 pesquisa or inquiry were the clergyman Francisco de Sesé,[4] Pedro Camacho[5], Rodrigo Pérez[6] , and Francisco de Sesé.[7] All of them mentioned Juan Prieto or Moreno as one of the  individuals in the colony harshly punished by Columbus after incurring behaviors that the Admiral considered deserving of retribution.  More concretely, Sesé testified that the young Juan was ordered to go hunting with a dog for some meat for the Admiral and after returning  with little game was punished  with one hundred lashes and with announcing himself  by yelling, while walking naked in public, the reason for his punishment, in this case for “being” a rogue or rascal. Camacho and Pérez added that the accusation against Juan included as well that of “lying to his master” and losing the dog he took with himself for the hunting. 



[1] The record is known as the pesquisa de Bobadilla (inquiry by Bobadilla), after the second governor of La Española, Francisco de Bobadilla, appointed by the kings of Spain to replace Christopher Columbus as the institutional leader of the colony, and was first published and studied in 2006 by historian Consuelo Varela and paleographer Isabel Aguirre in their monograph La Caida de Cristóbal Colón.  El juicio de Bobadilla.

 

[2] The terms “moreno” and “prieto,” therefore, appear clearly used since the first decade after Columbus’ arrival in La Española to refer to black people. 

[3] The study, under the title ‘Juan Portugués, negro,” appeared first in volume 28 of ‘Historiografía y Bibliografía Americanistas,’ a scholarly journal published at the time by Escuela de Estudios Hispanoamericanos, Spain’s main research center on Latin American colonial history, located in Seville as well.  A more recent reprint has been published, with new footnotes from the author, in a compilation of Gil’s numerous studies on Columbus published in 2007 by the Academia Dominicana de la Historia, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.  (This 2007 edition of the essay is included in theBibliography section of this website.)

Juan Gil’s essay is based on the 1515 deposition’s records that he found while doing research at the Archivo General de Indias, the General Archives of the Indies, the main repository of historical documents of the Spanish Empire, located in the former imperial capital, Seville.  As per Gil’s reference, the record is contained in Bundle No. 987 of the Justicia section of the Archives.  In his statement, Juan Portugués  describes his work for and collaboration with Christopher Columbus, as well as his participation in the 1492 trip.  The document appeared first in Spanish in the volume Pleitos Colombinos. IV- Probanzas del Fiscal (1512-1515), published by the Escuela de Estudios Hispanoamericanos of Seville, Spain in 1989.    The edition was prepared by a team of top Spanish colonial historians and researchers at the time, led by Antonio Muro Orejón.  Most of the text pertaining to Portugués is on pages 287-308. 

[4] Folio 14r. of the pesquisa.

[5] Folio 21r. of the pesquisa, and folio 5r. in the Segunda Parte of the pesquisa.

[6] Folio 4v., Segunda Parte of the pesquisa.

[7] Folio 5r., Segunda Parte of the pesquisa.

es_ESSpanish