{"id":3618,"date":"2025-12-17T04:12:00","date_gmt":"2025-12-17T04:12:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/?page_id=3618"},"modified":"2025-12-17T04:13:45","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T04:13:45","slug":"fb-primary-055-manuscript","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/spn\/manuscripts\/fb-primary-055-manuscript","title":{"rendered":"Manuscript No. 055"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"3618\" class=\"elementor elementor-3618\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5eb84c9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5eb84c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75d2a16 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"75d2a16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"123546134\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1235461341\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1235461341\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tManuscript \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1235461342\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1235461342\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tTranscription \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1235461343\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1235461343\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tTranslation \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1235461344\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1235461344\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCommentary \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1235461345\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1235461345\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tManuscript &amp; Transcription\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1235461341\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1235461341\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-bac32b2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bac32b2\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-111d0fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"111d0fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"Normal__Char\">Date:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1547, April 30.\u00a0 Madrid, Spain<br \/><\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">Theme: In a letter to the\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">Audiencia\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">of Santo Domingo, the Spanish Crown referred to the reportedly\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">irregular<\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">\u00a0work behavior of local cowboys or cattle ranch workers of La Espa\u00f1ola.\u00a0 It is very likely\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">that these cowboys were enslaved Black Africans or their La Espa\u00f1ola-born descendants.<br \/><\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">Source:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/pares.mcu.es\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PARES, Portal de Archivos Espa\u00f1oles\u2014Archivo General de Indias, SANTO_DOMINGxdO,868,L.2,<\/a><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240814193424\/http:\/\/pares.mcu.es\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"Normal__Char\">Fo. 342v.-344v.<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff04bca elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"ff04bca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe src=\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Manuscript-055.pdf\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600px\" style=\"border: none;\">\n    This browser does not support PDFs. Please download the PDF to view it: <a href=\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Manuscript-055.pdf\">Download PDF<\/a>.\n<\/iframe>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1235461342\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1235461342\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-215b759 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"215b759\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab8df0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"ab8df0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe src=\"http:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Transcription-055.pdf\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600px\" style=\"border: none;\">\n    This browser does not support PDFs. Please download the PDF to view it: <a href=\"http:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Transcription-055.pdf\">Download PDF<\/a>.\n<\/iframe>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1235461343\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1235461343\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abe5144 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"abe5144\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67282a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"67282a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Date:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1547, April 30.\u00a0 Madrid, Spain.<\/strong><br \/><strong>Theme:\u00a0In a letter to the Audiencia of Santo Domingo, the Spanish Crown mentioned a complaint by some denizens of Santo Domingo against a\u00a0law that\u00a0allowed cattle ranches to be established\u00a0close to each other.\u00a0It was feared that this proximity would entice cow herders (most of which were known to be blacks)\u00a0to\u00a0get together\u00a0for leisure abandoning the tending\u00a0of the cattle.<\/strong><br \/><strong>Source: PARES, Portal de Archivos Espa\u00f1oles\u2014Archivo General de Indias, SANTO_DOMINGO,868,L.2, Fo.342v.-344v.<\/strong><\/p><table border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"><tbody><tr><td valign=\"top\" width=\"219\"><p>[fo. 338v.]\u00a0<\/p><p>[\u2026]<br \/><br \/>The city of \u00a0Santo Domingo\/<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"27\"><p><br \/>r<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"441\"><p>The Prince \/<br \/>President and\u00a0<em>oidores<\/em>\u00a0of the<br \/><em>Audiencia<\/em>\u00a0and Royal\u00a0<em>chancilleria<\/em>\u00a0 \/<br \/>of the Espa\u00f1ola island\u00a0 Sebasti\u00e1n \/<br \/>Rodriguez, in the name of\u00a0 \/<br \/>that city of Santo Domingo \/<br \/>and of the denizens and dwellers \/<br \/>of it, has sent me a report \/<br \/>that a denizen of that said city \/<br \/>in the name and as per the particular \/<br \/>interests of two of its council members \/<br \/>had submitted an account \/<br \/>before the Royal Council of the Indies \/<br \/>untrue and misleading and saying \/<br \/>that the rich persons \/<br \/>enjoyed the lots and commons \/<br \/>of the said city and had \/<br \/>their cattle sites next to \/<br \/>it and the poor could not \/<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\" width=\"219\"><p>[fo. 339r.]<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"27\"><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"441\"><p>access them and enjoy the pastures \/<br \/>and waters though they were communal\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ccxxxviii<sup>o<\/sup>\u00a0\/<br \/>and due to that cause the land \/<br \/>went depopulated.\u00a0 Also that, assuming \u00a0\/<br \/>his account as true, according to a royal \/<br \/><em>provisi\u00f3n<\/em>\u00a0it had been mandated that the said \/<br \/>pastures must be communal and that \/<br \/>each person could set up sites \/<br \/>of cows next to the places \/<br \/>of the others, so that nobody were to have \/<br \/>se\u00f1orio, as in more length in \/<br \/>the letter is contained, and [so] that, being \/<br \/>informed of the truth and the great\u00a0 \/<br \/>inconveniences that due to this \/<br \/>occurred again, it did not happen, since \/<br \/>reportedly the pastures are communal \/<br \/>for all with the waters \/<br \/>and pastures, but that places \/<br \/>with cows should be at one \/<br \/>league away from each other, so that\u00a0 the\/<br \/>herdsmen and other persons that \/<br \/>took care of them did not get together \/<br \/>with each other to play and do \/<br \/>other bad endeavors \/<br \/>because the cows of everybody \/<br \/>wandered together and enjoyed \/<br \/>all the pastures and waters \/<br \/>of the lots of the said city. \/<br \/>Also, that those who had sought \/<br \/>the provisi\u00f3n did it out of their own \/<br \/>interest for having their sites and enclosures \/<br \/>near the city, and not any other reason, \u00a0and \/<br \/>that if they were to have them \/<br \/>together in that manner \/\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\" width=\"219\"><p>[fo. 399v.]<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"27\"><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"441\"><p>great damage would ensue \/<br \/>for the other denizens who \/<br \/>in old times had them set up \/<br \/>because the said herdsmen and persons \/<br \/>guarding the said cows would \/<br \/>sit down to play and would do other\/<br \/>misbehaviors and none of them \/<br \/>would gather the cows \/<br \/>and [the latter] would go away and get lost in \/<br \/>the mountains becoming untamed \/<br \/>and wild.\u00a0 And besides what has been \/<br \/>said it would be found that the same [persons] \/<br \/>that had won the said\u00a0<em>provisi\u00f3n<\/em>\u00a0, after seeing \/<br \/>the damage and harm that was caused by it ,\/<br \/>though they had not moved their sites that \/<br \/>they had from before, except for some \/<br \/>that had moved them into the farms where \/<br \/>the other denizens had their bread.\u00a0 From this \/<br \/>great destruction ensued of many farms \/<br \/>because in one night \/<br \/>the said cows ate all the bread that \/<br \/>was planted, collected and piled up, \/<br \/>and they destroyed and tramped on it \/<br \/>without remedy.\u00a0 For which reason \/<br \/>it costed an excessive price, \/<br \/>and before the said\u00a0<em>provisi\u00f3n<\/em>\u00a0\/<br \/>was issued it was not worth more than \/<br \/>four\u00a0<em>reales<\/em>\u00a0a\u00a0<em>fanega<\/em>\u00a0and had \/\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\" width=\"219\"><p>[fo. 400r.]<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"27\"><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"441\"><p>been raised to two pesos and two\/<br \/>and a half.\u00a0 Also that besides being \/ \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<br \/>harmful to all the denizens it was the \/<br \/>same to all those that through there go to New \/<br \/>Spain and Nombre de Dios, since\u00a0 they would not find \/<br \/>refreshment of bread, and that for said causes \/<br \/>some farms of poor men had been depopulated, \/<br \/>being sold out of need for nothing \/<br \/>to the owners of the cows, so that \/<br \/>the rich and lords \/<br \/>of cattle enjoy the farms \/<br \/>of the others and sell at will \/<br \/>their bread, for all of which \/<br \/>he implored me in the said names to \/<br \/>mandate to suspend the said\u00a0<em>provisi\u00f3n<\/em>\u00a0\/<br \/>and to stop using it, and that instead \/<br \/>the sites of cows \/<br \/>remained as they used to since all [the cows] \/<br \/>wandered together and enjoyed all the \/<br \/>waters and pastures, and that \/<br \/>the\u00a0<em>haziendas<\/em>\u00a0y\u00a0<em>estancias<\/em>\u00a0of bread \/<br \/>of the denizens were to be guarded as\/<br \/>they used to be, and this way the bread \/<br \/>would cost cheap and that island \/<br \/>would not depopulate, or whatever \/<br \/>my will were to be.\u00a0 Which after been \/<br \/>seen by those of the \/<br \/>Royal Council of the Indias, it was\/<br \/>agreed that I should mandate \/<br \/>that this my\u00a0<em>c\u00e9dula<\/em>\u00a0be issued to you \/<br \/>by which I mandate to you that, once it \/<br \/>is shown to you, you look into\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\" width=\"219\"><p>[fo. 400 v.]<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"27\"><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"441\"><p>the above said and, in the first \/<br \/>ships that were to come from that island \/<br \/>you inform us of what \/<br \/>has happened and happens about this \/<br \/>with your opinion about what I should \/<br \/>mandate to decide about it for the \/<br \/>good of that said island and of the\u00a0 \/<br \/>denizens and dwellers of it.\u00a0 Issued \/<br \/>in Madrid on thirty days of \/<br \/>the month of April of one thousand and \/<br \/>five hundred and forty seven years.\u00a0 I \/<br \/>the Prince. \u00a0Certified by \/<br \/>Samano.\u00a0 Signed by the Marquis \/<br \/>and Gutierre Velazquez and Gregorio \/<br \/>L\u00f3pez Salmer\u00f3n \/\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1235461344\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1235461344\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e86230 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9e86230\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a0c2ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a0c2ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"Normal\"><strong><span class=\"Normal__Char\">Date:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1547, April 30.\u00a0 Madrid.<br \/><\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">Theme: In a letter to the\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">Audiencia\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">of Santo Domingo, the Spanish Crown referred to the reportedly\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">irregular<\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">\u00a0work behavior of local cowboys or cattle ranch workers of La Espa\u00f1ola.\u00a0 It is very likely\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">that these cowboys were enslaved black Africans or their La Espa\u00f1ola-born descendants.<br \/><\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">Source: PARES, Portal de Archivos Espa\u00f1oles\u2014Archivo General de Indias, SANTO_DOMINGO,868,L.2,<\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">Fo. 342v.-344v.<\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p><p class=\"No_0020Spacing\"><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">Around 1547 there were tensions between cattle ranchers or breede<\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">rs and agricultural farm owners residing in Santo Domingo City regarding the ways in which rural lands nearest to the city should be assigned to those who owned herds of cattle and those who cultivated crops, respectively, in the region surrounding the city.<\/span>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"No_0020Spacing\"><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">Reportedly two of Santo Domingo\u2019s city council members had denounced before the Spanish Crown that rich denizens of the city were monopolizing the lands closest to the town, locating their cattle ranches there and not allowing the poorer residents to access them, though these grasslands were supposed to be for common, collective use. It was also said that the complainants argued as well that this marginalization of the poorest settlers was contributing to the island\u2019s depopulation because of their fleeing to other territories in search for better conditions. Apparently the Crown heeded the complaint and responded by issuing an order reiterating that the lands around the city were of common use and allowing all settlers the possibility to access them and to bring their respective cattle to adjacent locations, understanding that no one could claim jurisdiction over any of the said lands.<br \/><br \/><\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">Other members of the city council argued in opposite terms before the Crown, indicating that the above mentioned o<\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">rder allowing common pastures around the city had provoked \u201cgreat inconveniences\u201d, because as a result herds were being brought in close proximity to each other by the respective cowboys or herders as a way for them to have the chance to socialize with each other \u201cto play [games]and do other bad endeavors.\u201d\u00a0 Posing that the defenders of the proximity of the common grasslands to the city were acting based on \u201ctheir own interest\u201d, so that they would enjoy the convenience of having their cattle close to where they resided, their opponents suggested that herds should be maintained at a minimum of one\u00a0legua\u00a0(a league, about two kilometers) from each other.<br \/><br \/><\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">These critics\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">also denounced the fact that some owners of cattle, by driving their herds to the area peripheral to the city had provoked \u201cgreat destruction\u201d of \u201cmany\u201d yucca or cassava farms or\u00a0estancias\u00a0(the source of the important local\u00a0cazabe\u00a0or cracker-like yucca bread), \u201cbecause in one night, the said cows ate all the bread that was planted, collected and piled up, and they destroyed and tramped on it without remedy.\u201d This in turn had reportedly sparked a sharp increase in the price of yucca, from four\u00a0reales\u00a0to two\u00a0pesos, and even two and a half, per\u00a0fanega.\u00a0 This was hurting all local residents, and also all those travelers from Spain that stopped at La Espa\u00f1ola for food supplies in their way to New Spain and Nombre de Dios.\u00a0 And it was also depopulating, critics argued,\u00a0 the farms owned by \u201cpoor men,\u201d forcing them to sell their farms \u201cout of need to the owners of the cows for nothing, so that the rich and lords of cattle enjoy the farms of the others and sell their bread at will.\u201d<br \/><br \/><\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">Complainants pleaded with the Crown to go back to the old system, so that \u201cthe sites of cows remained as they used to, since all the cows wandered together and enjoyed all the\u00a0 waters and pastures, and that the\u00a0haziendas\u00a0and\u00a0estancias\u00a0of bread of the denizens were to be guarded as they used to be, and this way the bread would cost cheap and that island would not depopulate.\u201d<br \/><br \/><\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">Since it is known from other sources that most of the workers in charge of taking care of the cattle in La Espa\u00f1ola at the time were enslaved or free Black Africans or their locally born creole offspring, it is likely that these comments regarding cowboys that would go lazy and mischievous and not tend to their responsibilities constitute another indirect evidence of\u00a0 the resistance by the enslaved of La Espa\u00f1ola against the work rigors of the slavery regime by means of which masters tried to exploit them, even within the much less physically stringent version of it that cattle ranching seems to have been.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1235461345\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1235461345\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c76c6a7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c76c6a7\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8915da5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8915da5\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85ffb59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"85ffb59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe src=\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Manuscript-Transcription-055-1.pdf\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600px\" style=\"border: none;\">\n    This browser does not support PDFs. Please download the PDF to view it: <a href=\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Manuscript-Transcription-055-1.pdf\">Download PDF<\/a>.\n<\/iframe>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Manuscript Transcription Translation Commentary Manuscript &amp; Transcription Date:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1547, April 30.\u00a0 Madrid, SpainTheme: In a letter to the\u00a0Audiencia\u00a0of Santo Domingo, the Spanish Crown referred to the reportedly\u00a0irregular\u00a0work behavior of local cowboys or cattle ranch workers of La Espa\u00f1ola.\u00a0 It is very likely\u00a0that these cowboys were enslaved Black Africans or their La Espa\u00f1ola-born descendants.Source:\u00a0PARES, Portal de [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2721,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3618","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Manuscript No. 055 - First Blacks in The Americas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/spn\/manuscripts\/fb-primary-055-manuscript\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Manuscript No. 055 - First Blacks in The Americas\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Manuscript Transcription Translation Commentary Manuscript &amp; 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