{"id":3372,"date":"2025-10-12T07:02:25","date_gmt":"2025-10-12T07:02:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/?page_id=3372"},"modified":"2025-10-12T07:14:16","modified_gmt":"2025-10-12T07:14:16","slug":"fb-primary-038-manuscript","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/spn\/manuscripts\/fb-primary-038-manuscript","title":{"rendered":"Manuscript No. 038"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"3372\" class=\"elementor elementor-3372\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2dc6a4b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2dc6a4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fc9cb4 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"8fc9cb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"150772916\" aria-label=\"Pesta\u00f1as. Abre elementos con Intro o Espacio, ci\u00e9rralos con Escape y navega con las fechas.\" data-no-translation-aria-label=\"\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1507729161\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1507729161\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tManuscript \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1507729162\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1507729162\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tTranscription \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1507729163\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1507729163\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCommentary \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1507729161\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1507729161\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-0942ed5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0942ed5\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9001de2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9001de2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"Normal__Char\">Date:\u00a01575, December 14.\u00a0 Seville, Spain<br \/><\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">Theme:\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">After serving for more than ten years to two female mistresses in Seville, Spain, a young female Black\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">slave born in Santo Domingo City\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">was granted freedom by her second mistress and, a few years later,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">requested license to travel back to the Americas.<br \/><\/span><span class=\"Normal__Char\">Source:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/pares.mcu.es\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PARES, Portal de Archivos Espa\u00f1oles&#8211;Archivo General de Indias, Contrataci\u00f3n 5222, N.4, R.70<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b5d934 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"3b5d934\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe src=\"http:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Manuscript-038.pdf\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600px\" style=\"border: none;\">\n    This browser does not support PDFs. Please download the PDF to view it: <a href=\"http:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Manuscript-038.pdf\">Download PDF<\/a>.\n<\/iframe>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1507729162\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1507729162\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-250b0f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"250b0f1\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b669975 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b669975\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe src=\"http:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/fb-primary-038-transcription.pdf\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600px\" style=\"border: none;\">\n    This browser does not support PDFs. Please download the PDF to view it: <a href=\"http:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/fb-primary-038-transcription.pdf\">Download PDF<\/a>.\n<\/iframe>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1507729163\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1507729163\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e96751d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e96751d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de9cd98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"de9cd98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Date:<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">1575, December 14.\u00a0 Seville, Spain.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Theme: After serving for more than ten years to two female mistresses in Seville, Spain, a young female black<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">slave born in Santo Domingo City was granted freedom by her second mistress and, a few years later,<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559731&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">requested license to travel back to the Americas.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559731&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Source: PARES, Portal de Archivos Espa\u00f1oles&#8211;Archivo General de Indias, Contrataci\u00f3n 5222, N.4, R.70<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1860],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Every now and then in the Spanish empire during the sixteenth century, domestic black slaves were granted freedom by their masters after a varying number of years of service. The process of liberating an enslaved servant was called <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ahorramiento<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> o <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">manumisi\u00f3n<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> (<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">manumission<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> in English) and it was recorded in a document that became like a certificate of freedom that the formerly enslaved person had to have always handy, in case they came across any socially powerful individual or government official that did not know them enough,\u00a0 and based on a racialized prejudice about slavery that tended to identify black people and enslavement status, would express doubts about the veracity of the freedman or freed woman\u2019s non-slave status and would show an inclination or desire to treat them as slaves.\u00a0 La Espa\u00f1ola was the scenario of some of the earliest manumissions in the colonial world of the Americas.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559731&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559731&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">On November 27<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">th<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, 1568 \u201c<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">do\u00f1a<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> Barbara de Arana,\u201d wife of a \u201c<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">don<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> Alonso de Avellaneda\u201d and daughter to parents that had enough means as to have lived in Santo Domingo and then return to reside in Seville, issued her testament in Seville in which she declared freed two female slaves of hers, \u201cJuana, de color mulata\u201d and \u201cMaria de Cota, de color negra\u201d, both of whom Barbara had inherited from her mother Maria de Arana.\u00a0 Both slaves were being granted freedom, as per Barbara\u2019s statement, \u201cfor the good services they have provided me.\u201d\u00a0 Each slave was valued by Barbara in 100 <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ducados<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. She also ordered that, besides been issued a certificate of freedom, each of these slaves was to be given 20 <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ducados<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> at the time of Barbara\u2019s passing.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559731&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Years later, when Barbara de Arana passed away, she was survived by her husband, and he followed her wish as expressed in her will, issuing a <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">carta de ahorramiento<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> or manumission certificate in favor of Mar\u00eda, who thus became officially free.\u00a0 Once free, Mar\u00eda decided to return to the Indies. To obtain the required governmental license, she needed to proof that she was a free woman, and that she was not married and was in good standing with the Catholic Church. She was able to produce the necessary witnesses who attested that she was indeed the free woman she claimed to be. With these statements, she was able to obtain the license and get on a ship for the other side of the Atlantic.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559731&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559731&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">On November 16<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">th<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, 1575 in Seville, Maria de Cota, after spending eighteen years in the empire\u2019s administrative capital serving a Spanish family that had returned to Seville from La Espa\u00f1ola, requested license to get onto a ship and travel back to the Indies, in this case, apparently to Peru, the main precious metal-producing economic center of the empire. To support her request Maria presented the required testimonies of acquaintances that confirmed her place of origin as well as her freed person\u2019s legal status and her condition of unmarried woman with no criminal history. There is indication that Maria left Spain for Peru onboard a ship roughly a month later, on December 14<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">th<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, 1575.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559731&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This document tells us, then, about a black woman that after being enslaved most of her life at what at the time was the most vibrant city of Spain, decided she wanted to try living somewhere else, facing the always risky and very long journey through two oceans: crossing first the Atlantic on one ship until reaching what is today Panama, and from there sailing on another ship along the Pacific coast of South America to Peru. Her choice of declared final destination may have had many motivations, but one that cannot be discarded was the possible expectation of more opportunities for material personal improvement in a precious metal-mining region.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559731&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559731&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">On the other hand, her identifying herself before the authorities as a person born in the colonial city of Santo Domingo seems to talk to us about a sense of identity related to this place from which she was removed when a girl.\u00a0 And whatever happened to Mar\u00eda after December 1575, the fact is that additional historical records show that, four and a half years later, she, then the mother of a young girl, embarked with her to Santo Domingo.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559731&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In a peculiar way, the forced migration from Santo Domingo to Spain by Mar\u00eda de Cota and others like her during the second half of the 16<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">th<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> century, and her later yearning to get back to La Espa\u00f1ola, inevitably reminds us of similarities between her historical experience and time and today\u2019s migration dynamics the Dominican Republic as a \u201csending\u201d nation-state and Spain as a \u201creceiving\u201d society.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559731&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Manuscript Transcription Commentary Date:\u00a01575, December 14.\u00a0 Seville, SpainTheme:\u00a0After serving for more than ten years to two female mistresses in Seville, Spain, a young female Black\u00a0slave born in Santo Domingo City\u00a0was granted freedom by her second mistress and, a few years later,\u00a0requested license to travel back to the Americas.Source:\u00a0PARES, Portal de Archivos Espa\u00f1oles&#8211;Archivo General de Indias, [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2721,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3372","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - 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