{"id":3330,"date":"2025-10-05T04:49:35","date_gmt":"2025-10-05T04:49:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/?page_id=3330"},"modified":"2025-10-05T04:51:59","modified_gmt":"2025-10-05T04:51:59","slug":"fb-primary-034-manuscript","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/spn\/manuscripts\/fb-primary-034-manuscript","title":{"rendered":"Manuscript No. 034"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"3330\" class=\"elementor elementor-3330\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e824e1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3e824e1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a2dc1e e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"6a2dc1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"111336478\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1113364781\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1113364781\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tManuscript \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1113364782\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1113364782\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tTranscription \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1113364783\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1113364783\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tTranslation \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1113364784\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1113364784\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCommentary \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1113364781\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1113364781\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-f2732b4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f2732b4\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30c9235 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"30c9235\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">Date:\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">\u00a0 \u00a01545, April 24.\u00a0 Valladolid, Spain<br \/><\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">Theme: In a\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">letter-instruction from Prince Phillip of Spain to a Crown\u2019s envoy-auditor (and designated\u00a0<\/span><em><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">oidor<\/span><\/em><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">) sent to Santo Domingo, the prince approved the selling to the City of eighteen (Black) slaves owned by the Crown and the sending of a military squad to fight two groups of maroons roaming in La Espa\u00f1ola, both occurred the year before; recommended the issuing of ordinances regulating the treatment of slaves by masters; and okayed a local discussion about freeing or deporting\u00a0<em>ladino<\/em>\u00a0or creole enslaved Blacks due to their fixation with obtaining liberty and their inclination to incite non-<em>ladino<\/em>\u00a0slaves to rebel for it<\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">Source:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/pares.mcu.es\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PARES, Archivo General de Indias, SANTO_DOMINGO,868,L.2-245 Recto\u2013Imagen\u00a0<\/a><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/pares.mcu.es\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">N\u00fam:489\/766<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c62955 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"6c62955\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe src=\"http:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Manuscript-034.pdf\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600px\" style=\"border: none;\">\n    This browser does not support PDFs. Please download the PDF to view it: <a href=\"http:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Manuscript-034.pdf\">Download PDF<\/a>.\n<\/iframe>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1113364782\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1113364782\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c06638 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9c06638\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70a1770 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"70a1770\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe src=\"http:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Transcription-034_puFo09F.pdf\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600px\" style=\"border: none;\">\n    This browser does not support PDFs. Please download the PDF to view it: <a href=\"http:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Transcription-034_puFo09F.pdf\">Download PDF<\/a>.\n<\/iframe>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1113364783\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1113364783\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17a7fdf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"17a7fdf\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fbfbc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5fbfbc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Date: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01545, April 24.\u00a0 Valladolid, Spain.<\/strong><br \/><strong>Theme: \u00a0In a letter-instruction from Prince Phillip of Spain to a Crown\u2019s envoy-auditor (and designated\u00a0<em>oidor<\/em>) sent to Santo Domingo, the prince acknowledges that the goal of La Espa\u00f1ola\u2019s maroons\u00a0was the enjoyment of freedom<\/strong><br \/><strong>Source: PARES, Archivo General de Indias, SANTO_DOMINGO,868,L.2-245 Recto\u2013Imagen,\u00a0N\u00fam:489\/766\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><table border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"><tbody><tr><td valign=\"top\" width=\"163\"><p>[fo. 239r.]<\/p><p>[\u2026]\u00a0<\/p><p>Response to\u00a0<em>Licenciado<\/em>\u00a0Cerrato \/<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"20\"><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\u00a0 r<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"504\"><p>\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 The Prince \/\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/p><p><em>Licenciado<\/em>\u00a0Cerrato, audit judge of the Espa\u00f1ola \/<br \/>island, I saw your letter or 17 of September of the \/<br \/>past year of one thousand and five hundred and forty and four \/<br \/>and in this one \/ I will mandate that it is responded to \/<br \/><br \/>[\u2026]<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\" width=\"163\"><p>[fo. 239v.]<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"20\"><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"504\"><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\" width=\"163\"><p>[fo. 240r.]<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"20\"><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"504\"><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\" width=\"163\"><p>[fo. 240v.]<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"20\"><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"504\"><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\" width=\"163\"><p>[fo. 241r.]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 6<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a07<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"20\"><p>\u00a0 r<\/p><p>\u00a0<br \/>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0 r<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"504\"><p>I saw what you say that his majesty made a grant to \/<br \/>that city of Santo Domingo of\u00a0 the third \/<br \/>of the cows that he had in that island, and \/<br \/>that the\u00a0<em>oidores<\/em>\u00a0and officials felt that \/<br \/>it was very great inconvenience that someone \/<br \/>had in that island the iron and mark \/<br \/>of his majesty\u2019s cows, because anybody\/<br \/>who may have it with that [\u00a0\u00a0 ] is master \/<br \/>of all the herds of his majesty and that, \/<br \/>due to this cause, the city wanting to sell\u00a0 \/<br \/>this third of the caws, since others offered \/<br \/>more for them, gave them to the officials \/<br \/>for two thousand and seven hundred\u00a0<em>castellanos<\/em>\u00a0\/<br \/>and fifty young bulls, which are \/<br \/>to be paid out from what they [the cows] may rent \/<br \/>and in no other manner, and that it seems that \/<br \/>this was convenient, because it should not be more nor \/<br \/>less cost with the two thirds than with all, \/<br \/>and also that also twenty blacks \/<br \/>had been purchased for his majesty\u2019s constructions \/<br \/>that cost one thousand and two hundred and fifty \/<br \/><em>castellanos<\/em>, and that one of these died \/<br \/>and another one left to the cattle ranches of \/<br \/>his majesty where he is a cowboy, and that the eighteen \/<br \/>have served in the constructions and\u00a0 that because \/<br \/>you thought they were an expense with no benefit \/<br \/>you ordered them to be sold and they were sold \/<br \/>on credit for a year in that city for one thousand \/<br \/>and seven hundred and three castellanos \/ and \/<br \/>all of it, both the purchase of the cows as \/<br \/>the sale of the blacks has seemed to me \/<br \/>well,\u00a0 you will be careful that when the time comes \/<br \/>the one thousand and seven hundred and three\u00a0<em>castellanos<\/em>\u00a0\/<br \/>that you say they give for the eighteen blacks \/<br \/>are collected from the city \/\u00a0<\/p><p>I has pleased me that the [matter] of the \/<br \/>maroon blacks is left in good state, and it is \/<br \/>good what you say that to capture \/<br \/>the two captainships of theirs that wandered in that \/<br \/>island a captain was sent with fifteen men \/<br \/>and he found one and destroyed it completely, \/<br \/>so that some were killed and others imprisoned\u00a0 and \/<br \/>others returned to their masters, and that later he found \/<br \/>the other and he destroyed it as well, so \/<br \/>they killed some of them and apprehended \/<br \/>others to whom justice was done, and that out of thirty \/<br \/>and seven that wandered in that captainship \/<br \/>only fifteen were left, in chase of whom \/<br \/>has also gone the captain of the fifteen \/<br \/>Christians. \/\u00a0 So that from here on not \/<br \/>so many rebel you will do some good \/<br \/>ordinances in the way you deem, about \/<br \/>the treatment that their masters must give \/<br \/>to the blacks \/\u00a0<br \/><br \/><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\" width=\"163\"><p>[fo. 241v.]<\/p><p>\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a08<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>9<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"20\"><p>\u00a0 r<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><br \/><br \/><br \/><br \/><br \/><br \/><br \/><br \/>\u00a0 r<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"504\"><p>As to what you say that, in regards to this [matter] \/<br \/>of the blacks, you think one thing that should be \/<br \/>done, which you have discussed with \/<br \/>some denizens and men of experience of that \/<br \/>island, and they agree on it, and that is that no \/<br \/>chance is allowed that there be many ladino slaves \/<br \/>born in the land, because this is a\u00a0 \/<br \/>bad nation of people and very daring \/<br \/>and badly inclined, and that from experience it \/<br \/>has been seen that all those who incite those \/<br \/>blacks and make themselves captains of them have \/<br \/>been and are\u00a0<em>ladinos<\/em>, because the\u00a0<em>bozales<\/em>\u00a0\/<br \/>do not have that ability, and that also \/<br \/>this was seen in the matter of Enriquillo, and that \/<br \/>so it seems that it would be convenient or freeing them \/<br \/>since they do not yearn but freedom, \/<br \/>or expelling them from that island.\u00a0 You must discuss it with \/<br \/>the city council members and the most important of that land \/<br \/>and with their advise you will decide \/<br \/>on it what you see as convenient. \/\u00a0<\/p><p>It is good what you say that you sent \/<br \/>Cacique Garci Hern\u00e1ndez in pursue of\/<br \/><br \/><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\" width=\"163\"><p>[fo. 242r.]<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"20\"><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"504\"><p>of cacique Murcia, who was rebelled \/ \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0ccxxli\u00a0 \/<br \/>in some mountain chains though he did no ill, \/<br \/>to reduce him to the service of his majesty \/<br \/>and so he be peaceful, and that he did not \/<br \/>found him, given that he found trace of where \/<br \/>he and his people had been, and that\u00a0 of \/<br \/>the said Garci Hern\u00e1ndez it was known that all \/<br \/>that area of\u00a0 the island was safe \/<br \/>of blacks \/ you will always be careful\u00a0 \/<br \/>of deciding in\u00a0 these things what you see \/<br \/>is convenient \/<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\" width=\"163\"><p>[fo. 242v.]<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"20\"><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"504\"><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\" width=\"163\"><p>[fo. 243r.]<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"20\"><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"504\"><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\" width=\"163\"><p>[fo. 243v.]<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"20\"><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"504\"><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\" width=\"163\"><p>[fo. 244r.]<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"20\"><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"504\"><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\" width=\"163\"><p>[fo. 244v.]<\/p><p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 21\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"20\"><p>\u00a0 r<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"504\"><p>[\u2026] in Valladolid on XXIII of \/<br \/>April of one thousand and five hundred forty and five years \/<br \/>I the Prince, certified by Samano \/<br \/>signed by the cardinal of Seville and Bernal \/<br \/>and Velazquez, Gregorio L\u00f3pez \/<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1113364784\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1113364784\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8182f0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c8182f0\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f281b6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f281b6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"No_0020Spacing\"><strong><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">Date:\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">\u00a0 \u00a01545, April 24.\u00a0 Valladolid, Spain.<br \/><\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">Theme:\u00a0In a\u00a0letter-instruction from Prince Phillip of Spain to a Crown\u2019s envoy-auditor (and designated\u00a0<em>oidor<\/em>) sent to Santo Domingo, the prince approved the selling to the City of eighteen (black) slaves owned by the Crown and the sending of a military squad to fight two groups of maroons roaming in La Espa\u00f1ola, both occurred the year before; recommended the issuing of ordinances regulating the treatment of slaves by masters; and okayed a local discussion about freeing or deporting\u00a0<em>ladino<\/em>\u00a0or creole enslaved blacks due to their fixation with obtaining liberty and their inclination to incite non-<em>ladino<\/em>\u00a0slaves to rebel for it<\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">Source: PARES, Archivo General de Indias, SANTO_DOMINGO,868,L.2-245 Recto\u2013Imagen\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">N\u00fam:489\/766<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"No_0020Spacing\"><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">According to\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">Spanish Prince Phillip in a letter written on April 24, 1545, royal envoy-auditor Alonso Cerrato sent to La Espa\u00f1ola had reported in a letter of September 1544 doing progress in fighting black maroons or rebel slaves in the colony.\u00a0 Two squads \u2018captainships\u201d (\u201ccapitanias\u201d) or gangs of maroons were active at the time.\u00a0 The colonial government reportedly sent against them \u201ca captain with fifteen men\u201d that confronted and dissolved one of the maroon groups, with part of the rebels killed and part captured and returned \u201cto their owners.\u201d The military squad also engaged the other maroon group, reportedly formed by thirty seven individuals, twenty two of which were either killed or captured, the latter being \u201cbrought to justice,\u201d probably executed. The remaining fifteen rebels were still being chased by the colonial squad at the time Cerrato wrote to the Crown.<br \/><br \/><\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">In response to Cerrato\u2019s report,<\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">\u00a0Phillip instructed him to put in place \u201csome good ordinances in the manner you deem [appropriate] about the treatment the blacks should be given by their masters,\u201d \u201cso that from here onward they do not rebel so much.\u201d\u00a0 This observation by the king seems to express a relatively clear notion, on the part of the monarch, about certain limits the slave owners should not surpass in the relations of power and exploitation vis a vis the enslaved population.<br \/><br \/><\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">On the other hand, this order seems to be the explanation for an incomplete set of ordinances with no exact date nor place of issuance, but evidently pertaining to sixteenth-century La Espa\u00f1ola, also held at Archivo General de Indias and published in the 19th\u00a0century in one of the classic collections of early Spanish colonial sources.\u00a0 This document has been somewhat neglected by historians. These ordinances are most likely the result of Cerrato and the members of the Audiencia of Santo Domingo complying with Prince Phillip\u2019s order as spelled out in this letter, possibly drafted or issued later in 1545 or sometime in 1546.<br \/><br \/><\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">Prince Phillip, using again the generalized term \u201cthe blacks\u201d (\u201clos negros\u201d) to refer to the slaves,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">indicates that Cerrato had reported having discussed and agreed \u201cwith some denizens and men of experience of that island\u201d to \u201cnot allow there to be many ladino slaves born in the land because this is an evil nation of people and very daring and badly inclined.\u201d\u00a0 Cerrato is also said to have stated that \u201cper experience it has been seen that all who mutiny those black and become their captains have been and are\u00a0ladinos, because the\u00a0bozales\u00a0do not have that ability, and that this was seen as well in Enriquillo\u2019s matter.\u201d\u00a0 Furthermore, in the judge\u2019s view these\u00a0ladinos\u00a0\u201cit would be convenient either to manumit them, since they do not want but liberty, or to expel them from that island.\u201d<br \/><br \/><\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">Such a characterization, more than four decades after the recorded arrival of black African population at La Espa\u00f1ola, shows two circumstances. It is a testimony\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">about the existence of a creole-native black population in the colony. It also contradicts some generalizing scholarly notions that have defined\u00a0ladinos\u00a0as a socially integrated population, identified with the slave-owning colonizers, and obedient. This, in contrast to a native black African population brought in by force through the transatlantic slave trade, alien to European enculturation and with stronger sentiments of independence, and thus more prone to a confrontational rebelliousness. Equally interesting in this document is the comparison with the rebellion led by indigenous leader Enriquillo, seen here as aladino, in this case of native ethnicity, instigator of rebellions among other ethnicity members less socialized into the colonizer\u2019s culture.<br \/><br \/><\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">The prince ordered Cerrato to further discuss these ideas \u201cwith the [Santo Domingo] city council members and principals of that land\u201d and \u201cwith their advice\u201d to decide in it \u201cwhat you may think is convenient.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Manuscript Transcription Translation Commentary Date:\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a01545, April 24.\u00a0 Valladolid, SpainTheme: In a\u00a0letter-instruction from Prince Phillip of Spain to a Crown\u2019s envoy-auditor (and designated\u00a0oidor) sent to Santo Domingo, the prince approved the selling to the City of eighteen (Black) slaves owned by the Crown and the sending of a military squad to fight two groups of [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2721,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3330","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Manuscript No. 034 - First Blacks in The Americas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/spn\/manuscripts\/fb-primary-034-manuscript\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Manuscript No. 034 - First Blacks in The Americas\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Manuscript Transcription Translation Commentary Date:\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a01545, April 24.\u00a0 Valladolid, SpainTheme: In a\u00a0letter-instruction from Prince Phillip of Spain to a Crown\u2019s envoy-auditor (and designated\u00a0oidor) sent to Santo Domingo, the prince approved the selling to the City of eighteen (Black) slaves owned by the Crown and the sending of a military squad to fight two groups of [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/spn\/manuscripts\/fb-primary-034-manuscript\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"First Blacks in The Americas\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-10-05T04:51:59+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Tiempo de lectura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"17 minutos\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/manuscripts\/fb-primary-034-manuscript\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/manuscripts\/fb-primary-034-manuscript\",\"name\":\"Manuscript No. 034 - First Blacks in The Americas\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2025-10-05T04:49:35+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-10-05T04:51:59+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/manuscripts\/fb-primary-034-manuscript#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"es\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/manuscripts\/fb-primary-034-manuscript\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/manuscripts\/fb-primary-034-manuscript#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Manuscripts\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/manuscripts\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Manuscript No. 034\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/\",\"name\":\"First Blacks in The Americas\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"es\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/#organization\",\"name\":\"First Blacks in The Americas\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"es\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/dsi-logo.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/dsi-logo.jpg\",\"width\":240,\"height\":52,\"caption\":\"First Blacks in The Americas\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Manuscript No. 034 - First Blacks in The Americas","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/spn\/manuscripts\/fb-primary-034-manuscript\/","og_locale":"es_ES","og_type":"article","og_title":"Manuscript No. 034 - First Blacks in The Americas","og_description":"Manuscript Transcription Translation Commentary Date:\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a01545, April 24.\u00a0 Valladolid, SpainTheme: In a\u00a0letter-instruction from Prince Phillip of Spain to a Crown\u2019s envoy-auditor (and designated\u00a0oidor) sent to Santo Domingo, the prince approved the selling to the City of eighteen (Black) slaves owned by the Crown and the sending of a military squad to fight two groups of [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/spn\/manuscripts\/fb-primary-034-manuscript\/","og_site_name":"First Blacks in The Americas","article_modified_time":"2025-10-05T04:51:59+00:00","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Tiempo de lectura":"17 minutos"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/manuscripts\/fb-primary-034-manuscript","url":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/manuscripts\/fb-primary-034-manuscript","name":"Manuscript No. 034 - First Blacks in The Americas","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/#website"},"datePublished":"2025-10-05T04:49:35+00:00","dateModified":"2025-10-05T04:51:59+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/manuscripts\/fb-primary-034-manuscript#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"es","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/manuscripts\/fb-primary-034-manuscript"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/manuscripts\/fb-primary-034-manuscript#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Manuscripts","item":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/manuscripts"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Manuscript No. 034"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/","name":"First Blacks in The Americas","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"es"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/#organization","name":"First Blacks in The Americas","url":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"es","@id":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/dsi-logo.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/dsi-logo.jpg","width":240,"height":52,"caption":"First Blacks in The Americas"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/spn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3330","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/spn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/spn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/spn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/spn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3330"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/spn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3330\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3339,"href":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/spn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3330\/revisions\/3339"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/spn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2721"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/spn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3330"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}