{"id":2617,"date":"2025-02-16T16:04:22","date_gmt":"2025-02-16T16:04:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/?p=2617"},"modified":"2025-02-16T16:12:26","modified_gmt":"2025-02-16T16:12:26","slug":"arrival-02-ladinos-and-bozales","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/summaries\/arrival-02-ladinos-and-bozales","title":{"rendered":"Ladinos and bozales"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Ladinos and bozales<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\"\"<\/a>The Christianized Blacks mentioned in the sixteenth-century documents issued in Spain, La Espa\u00f1ola and the rest of the Spanish empire were known as\u00a0ladinos<\/em>, and the term referred in general to the Blacks who were familiar in general with the religion, cultures, and languages of Castile or Portugal (either because of having been born and raised in those territories or due to long contact with or exposure to these cultures). Conversely those Blacks with no familiarity with the Iberian cultures and languages, typically those brought straight from Africa, were called\u00a0bozales<\/em>. As indicated here, during these first years of the colonization, the Spanish Crown tried to limit the arrival of Blacks into the Americas to\u00a0ladinos<\/em>, but the restriction lasted only a short time.<\/p>

From January 1502 there is evidence of at least one enslaved Black man being sent from Seville to La Espa\u00f1ola together with two other men, presumably free, to work in the extraction of gold under the orders of a fourth individual who was himself under a contract as a worker for a merchant of Seville.[1]<\/a>\u00a0Moreover on September 12th<\/sup>\u00a01502, the Spanish monarchs authorized at least two royal court\u2019s employees to organize a fleet to take provisions to the settlers established in La Espa\u00f1ola, explicitly allowing the organizers of the expedition to include \u2018as many Blacks as they wanted,\u2019 in what seems a clear reference to slaves.[2]<\/a>\u00a0According to Carlos Esteban Deive it is not known whether there was actually any shipment of enslaved Blacks made under the permit, but this stands as the first recorded royal license issued to import slaves into La Espa\u00f1ola.[3]<\/a><\/p>

\"\"<\/a>By late 1502 or early 1503 there was\u00a0in La Espa\u00f1ola a large enough number of enslaved Blacks to begin worrying Governor Ovando about the incapacity of the colonists to prevent at least some slaves from escaping captivity. In response, Ovando requested to the Crown that no more Blacks be brought to La Espa\u00f1ola \u201cbecause those that existed there had escaped.\u201d\u00a0(see Manuscript No. 007)<\/a>. The monarchs seem to have heeded the request immediately, since there is a response from them, in the form of a royal order of March 29, 1503 in which they promised to stop the sending of enslaved Blacks (\u201con this we will order to proceed as you say\u201d)[4]<\/a>\u00a0and for a while after the 1503 royal promise to stop the importing of Black slaves into La Espa\u00f1ola there seems to have been no more sending of Blacks for over a year and a half. In February of 1504 the Crown reiterated the prohibition.[5]<\/a>\u00a0And still by October 1504 there were no new authorizations given for the transferring of Black slaves (\u201cesclavos\u201d) to La Espa\u00f1ola that we know of, though there was at least one case authorizing the sending of enslaved whites (\u201cesclavos blancos\u201d) on an expedition lead by Alonso de Ojeda.[6]<\/a>\u00a0(see Manuscript No. 008)<\/a>.<\/p>

Yet by the end of 1504 and in the following year, things changed. Not only had enslaved Blacks begun to be shipped to La Espa\u00f1ola again, but some of them were\u00a0bozales<\/em>.[7]<\/a>\u00a0In January of 1505 a\u00a0carabela<\/em>\u00a0reportedly left from to Hispaniola carrying 16 Black slaves assigned to work in the colony\u2019s mines.[8]<\/a>\u00a0Also governor Ovando seems to have changed his mind about importing Blacks. In September he was referred to in a Crown document as having requested the sending of \u201cmore Black slaves\u201d to work the local gold mines of La Espa\u00f1ola.[9]<\/a>\u00a0(see Manuscript No. 009)<\/a>. He is said to have actually requested to the King that he send 20 more slaves.[10]<\/a>\u00a0The Crown responded positively to the request on September 15th, deciding to send a total of one hundred enslaved Blacks. Also in their response they\u00a0explicitly confirmed that at the time there were already a number of Black slaves in the colony, by referring to them as \u201cthose that are there.\u201d\u00a0[11]<\/a>\u00a0In what seems an evident eagerness for obtaining more gold from the island, the Crown flatly ordered the governor to put those enslaved Blacks to work in the mines, and even offering them freedom as their reward if they worked to the Crown\u2019s satisfaction for an undetermined number of years, a way, according to Deive, to try to prevent them from fleeing.[12]<\/a>\u00a0(see Manuscript No. 009)<\/a>.<\/p>

It is not clear whether the hundred slaves ever arrived in La Espa\u00f1ola, but it seems that at least between January and September of 1505 the 20 slaves requested by Ovando may have been received in the colony. In a communications of September 15 and 16, 1505 the King, in addressing the\u00a0Casa de la Contrataci\u00f3n<\/em>\u00a0indicated that Ovando had reported receiving 17 \u2018Black slaves\u2019 from the\u00a0Casa<\/em>\u00a0(possibly the same group of slaves shipped in January of that year and referred to in the paragraph above) and was already requesting more.[13]<\/a>\u00a0In the letter the king reiterated his desire to have 100 slaves sent to the colony so that \u201call these gather gold for me.\u201d\u00a0[14]<\/a>\u00a0(see Manuscript No. 009)<\/a>. These slaves are supposed to have been from the Guinee region and to have been bought in Lisbon.\u00a0[15]<\/a>\u00a0If that was the case, as Deive says, then it is likely that those slaves could have been\u00a0bozales<\/em>. Three more slaves had been supposedly sent to Ovando, shipped on July 16, 1505. And these would have completed the 20 requested.\u00a0[16]<\/a>\u00a0<\/p><\/div>

<\/p>

[1]<\/a>\u00a0The exact date was January 4th<\/sup>, 1502. CFAAPS, Escriban\u00eda de Francisco Segura, 4 de enero de 1502, Oficio IV, Libro1, fo. 21 vto.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

[2]<\/a>\u00a0CODOIN, XXXI, p. 132-36, cited in Carlos Esteban Deive.\u00a0La esclavitud del negro en Santo Domingo (1492-1844).\u00a0<\/em>Vol. 1.<\/em>\u00a0Santo Domingo: Museo del Hombre Dominicano, 1980. p. 22.<\/p>

[3]<\/a>\u00a0P\u00e9rez de Tudela, 1955, p. 396-397. Cited in Carlos Esteban Deive.\u00a0La esclavitud del negro en Santo Domingo.\u00a0<\/em>Vol.1.<\/em>\u00a0p. 22.<\/p>

[4]<\/a>\u00a0PARES,\u00a0Archivo General de Indias, Indiferente General, 418, Libro 1, fo. 101r.\u00a0CODOIN II, V, 43-52. Cited in\u00a0Deive, p. 18. We know this because the monarchs referred to Ovando\u2019s request in their response to it a few months later,\u00a0on March 29, 1503 exactly. In their communication the monarchs wrote to Ovando: “As for the Black slaves you say they should not be sent there because those that existed there had escaped, on this we will order to proceed as you say” (Spanish original: \u201cen quanto a lo de los negros esclavos que desis que no se enbien alla porque los que alla avian se han huydo en esto nos manadaremos se faga como lo desys\u201d). Chac\u00f3n y Calvo, 1929: I, 69-77. Cited in Deive,\u00a0La esclavitud del negro en Santo Domingo<\/em>, Vol. I, p. 21.<\/p>

[5]<\/a>\u00a0On February 15, 1504, the King and the Queen issued an order clarifying which types the settlers of La Espa\u00f1ola could and could not take to the Indies, explicitly mentioning slaves among those who\u00a0were prohibited from the trade: \u201cque por virtud de esta dicha licencia ninguno pueda llevar nyn sacar de estos nuestros Reynos para la dicha ysla espa\u00f1ola esclavos nyn guanines nyn cavallos.\u201d PARES, Archivo General de Indias, INDIFERENTE, 418, L.1, Imagen N\u00fam. 249\/378.<\/p>

[6]<\/a>\u00a0Saco, 1948, I, 96. Cited in Deive,\u00a0La esclavitud del negro en Santo Domingo<\/em>, Vol. I, p. 22.\u00a0A CUNY DSI search revealed that the manuscript is currently available in the PARES online database, under the entry PARES, Archivo General de Indias, INDIFERENTE, 418, L.1, Imagen N\u00fam. 273\/378.<\/p>

[7]<\/a>\u00a0The information refers to \u201c12 \u2019bozales\u2019<\/em>\u00a0Black slaves of 16 to 25 years of age, bought at El Puerto de Santa Mar\u00eda \u2018from a from Portugal\u2019, at 21 ducados \u2018one with the other.\u2019 The amount paid for them was 94.500\u00a0maravedis<\/em>. These slaves were part of a batch of 17 sent in 1505 to La Espa\u00f1ola on captain Juan Berm\u00fadez\u2019s ship. The source are the early accounts of shipping and commercial transactions between Seville and La Espa\u00f1ola as reckoned and recorded by Sancho de Matienzo, first treasurer of the\u00a0Casa de Contrataci\u00f3n de Sevilla<\/em>. Miguel Angel Ladero Quesada:\u00a0Las Indias de Castilla en sus primeros a\u00f1os. Cuentas de la Casa de la Contrataci\u00f3n (1503-1521)<\/em>, p. 270-271, Item No. 136. Carlos Esteban Deive,\u00a0La esclavitud del negro en Santo Domingo<\/em>, Vol. I, p. 30 seems to locate the first recorded arrival of\u00a0bozales<\/em>\u00a0in 1511, citing the notification given\u00a0by the monarch on a decree of June 15 addressed to La Espa\u00f1ola\u2019s treasurer Miguel de Pasamonte.<\/p>

[8]<\/a>\u00a0P\u00e9rez de Tudela, 1955, p. 386. Cited in Deive,\u00a0La esclavitud del negro en Santo Domingo<\/em>, Vol. I, p. 24.\u00a0This group of 16 slaves may be the same that appears mentioned as 17 in the primary sources used by historian Ladero Quesada,\u00a0Las Indias de Castilla en sus primeros a\u00f1os<\/em>, p. 270-271.<\/p>

[9]<\/a>\u00a0\u201cE lo que dezis que se enbie mas esclavos negros paresceme que\/ es bien y aun tengo determinado de enviar asta cient escla\/vos negros para que estos cojan oro para mi\u201d. PARES, Archivo General de Indias, INDIFERENTE, 418,L.1, F.180v-181v\u20141 Imagen: 1\/3. (\u201cAs what you say that more Black slaves be sent, it seem to me that it is fine, and I have even determined to send up to one hundred Black slaves for them to collect gold for me\u201d [\u2026]).<\/p>

[10]<\/a>\u00a0P\u00e9rez de Tudela, 1955, p. 386. Cited in Deive,\u00a0La esclavitud del negro en Santo Domingo<\/em>, Vol. I, p. 23.<\/p>

[11]<\/a>\u00a0PARES, Archivo General de Indias, INDIFERENTE, 418, L.1, f.180v.-181v.<\/p>

[12]<\/a>\u00a0Franco, 1971: 35-36 (citing\u00a0Archivo General de Indias, Indiferente, 418, L. 1, F. 180v.). Cited in Deive,\u00a0La esclavitud del negro en Santo Domingo<\/em>, Vol. I, p. 24.<\/p>

[13]<\/a>\u00a0P\u00e9rez de Tudela, p. 387. Cited in Deive,\u00a0La esclavitud del negro en Santo Domingo<\/em>, Vol. I, p. 24.\u00a0<\/p>

[14]<\/a>\u00a0PARES, Archivo General de Indias, INDIFERENTE, 418, L.1, Imagen No. 359.<\/p>

[15]<\/a>\u00a0Utrera, 1951, I, 81-82. Cited in Deive, La\u00a0esclavitud del negro en Santo Domingo<\/em>, Vol. I, p. 25.<\/p>

<\/p>

[16]<\/a>\u00a0According to an estimate by\u00a0chronicler Bartolom\u00e9 de Las Casas, by 1505 there were in the island \u2018up to ten or twelve Blacks\u00a0who belonged to the King, who\u00a0would have been brought to build the fortress that is above and by the river\u2019s mouth.\u2019 Las Casas, Lib. III, cap. CXXIX, III, 275. Cited in Deive,\u00a0La esclavitud del negro en Santo Domingo<\/em>, Vol. I, p. 25.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ladinos and bozales The Christianized Blacks mentioned in the sixteenth-century documents issued in Spain, La Espa\u00f1ola and the rest of the Spanish empire were known as\u00a0ladinos, and the term referred in general to the Blacks who were familiar in general with the religion, cultures, and languages of Castile or Portugal (either because of having been […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2617","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-summaries"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLadinos and bozales - First Blacks in The Americas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/summaries\/arrival-02-ladinos-and-bozales\" \/>\n<link rel=\"next\" href=\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/summaries\/arrival-02-ladinos-and-bozales\/2\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ladinos and bozales - 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