{"id":2401,"date":"2025-02-13T18:12:01","date_gmt":"2025-02-13T18:12:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/?p=2401"},"modified":"2025-02-13T18:30:36","modified_gmt":"2025-02-13T18:30:36","slug":"arrival-01-free-and-enslaved","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/summaries\/arrival-01-free-and-enslaved","title":{"rendered":"Both free and enslaved blacks arrived since early on"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Both free and enslaved blacks arrived since early on<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\"\"The first person of African descent known to have arrived in La Espa\u00f1ola in modern times was a Juan Moreno or Juan Prieto (John the Black), a free \u2013by all indications\u2014young Black man who accompanied Columbus as a servant in the 1492 and 1493 expeditions\u00a0(see Manuscript No. 003)<\/a>\u00a0and years later, after Columbus passing and as a more mature man under the name Juan Portugu\u00e9s (John the Portuguese), engaged in the colonization of Central America.[1]<\/a>\u00a0During the two\u00a0decades that followed there were cases of other free Blacks, of both sexes, who\u00a0went across the Atlantic to La Espa\u00f1ola on their own will as free individuals, but most of the recorded cases that we know are of Blacks forcefully brought into the colony by Spaniards or other Europeans who wanted to use them either as laborers in mining activities in the search for gold or as domestic servants.<\/p>

We know of no other direct evidence from the rest of the 1490s about the factual arrival of Blacks in La Espa\u00f1ola,[2]<\/a>\u00a0but there are indirect documental indications from 1497 that the Spaniards may already have been thinking\u00a0of taking enslaved Blacks to work in La Espa\u00f1ola[3]<\/a>\u00a0(see Manuscript No. 001)<\/a>. A local oral tradition of the residents of Santo Domingo City, first documented well into the 17th century, refers to a Black woman residing in the colony before the arrival of colonial governor Nicol\u00e1s de Ovando\u2019s colonizing expedition in 1502 who was remembered for her medical healing and caregiving services, provided to the dwellers of the early village\u00a0from her own hut\u00a0(see Manuscript No. 060)<\/a>.<\/p>

On the other hand, there is a record from 1499\u00a0showing that by then, the Spanish Crown was also contemplating the possibility that enslaved or enslavable Black people\u00a0might exist\u00a0who could be\u00a0residents of some of the territories across the Atlantic being explored by other sailors besides\u00a0Christopher Columbus that were also being encouraged or supported by the Crown to do so. In the text of a\u00a0capitulaci\u00f3n<\/em>\u00a0or agreement with sailor Vicente Ya\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n of June 6, 1499, the officials issuing the document to Ya\u00f1ez on behalf of the Spanish monarchs mentioned the things this explorer might find and be allowed to seize in the territories to be visited, indicating that “we also grant you any type of Black or dark slaves or other of the ones considered slaves in Spain and for whom there is reason to be slaves.”\u00a0[4]<\/a>. A similar item was included in a few more\u00a0capitulaciones<\/em>\u00a0of 1500 and 1501 between the Spanish Crown and other sailor-explorers. But soon the provision allowing the capture and enslaving of the found people was dropped from the agreements, possibly as it became clear that all the new peoples the Spanish or Spanish-sponsored explorers were coming across had not previously encountered\u00a0Europeans and did not necessarily fit their preconceived notions of enslavability.\u00a0[5]<\/a><\/p>

The first two recorded cases of Black persons traveling to La Espa\u00f1ola after 1493 that we know of are those of two free Black men hired in Seville in 1501 by two different employers to do work as salaried workers in La Espa\u00f1ola. The first, named Pedro, had previously been the servant of a merchant, and at an undetermined date that year, was hired\u00a0under\u00a0contract by a resident in Seville.\u00a0The contract covered his traveling\u00a0to La Espa\u00f1ola on a vessel that was about to leave, and\u00a0serving\u00a0his employer as a worker\u00a0for two years digging for gold or doing\u00a0whatever was required in exchange for a salary of 6,000\u00a0maravedis<\/em>\u00a0per year, food and shelter \u201cin accordance to what other workers are given in the said island\u201d plus a twentieth of all the gold extracted, all to be paid every four months, the food to be paid for from the day the ship left.[6]<\/a>\u00a0(see Manuscript No. 068)<\/a>. The second was an Andr\u00e9s Garc\u00eda, hired on October 13th<\/sup>\u00a0to travel to La Espa\u00f1ola and work there for four years for a salary of 8,000\u00a0maraved\u00eds<\/em>\u00a0per year, his travel fare also covered by his employer.[7]<\/a><\/p>

By the summer of 1501 there is firm evidence that the Spanish monarchs were already considering using the labor of enslaved Blacks in the colonization of La Espa\u00f1ola, as seen in the instructions issued by the Catholic Kings on September 16th<\/sup>\u00a0of that year to newly appointed Governor of La Espa\u00f1ola Nicol\u00e1s de Ovando before he was dispatched to the colony. Item 21 of these instructions orders Ovando to prevent the arrival in the Indies of non-Christians, but to allow Black as well as non-Black slaves that had been born under the power of Christians (\u201cyou will not allow or cause to go there either Moors or Jews or heretics or reconciled ones or persons newly converted to our faith except if they were Black slaves or other slaves who had been born under the power of Christians [who are] our subjects and natives\u201d).\u00a0[8]<\/a>\u00a0(see Manuscript No. 005)<\/a><\/p>

<\/p>

\"\"The concern for preventing the arrival of non-Christians into La Espa\u00f1ola had already been conveyed by the Crown shortly before in an agreement of September 5th<\/sup>\u00a0of 1501 with a Luis de Arriaga who\u00a0was at the time preparing a colonizing expedition to La Espa\u00f1ola. And it would be reiterated in another order to Ovando of February 15th<\/sup>\u00a0of 1502.[9]<\/a>\u00a0As to the explicit reference\u00a0in the documents to \u201cBlack slaves\u201d as acceptable inhabitants of the new colony, it seems to show the possible inception\u00a0already at this early stage of a racialization process in which the image of Black people began to be associated with the\u00a0status of enslavement at least in the minds of some in the Spanish royal elite.<\/p>

A similar clause was included in some additional\u00a0capitulaciones<\/em>\u00a0of 1500 and 1501 between the Spanish Crown and other sailors-explorers. But soon the authorizing of the capture and enslavement of the peoples found \u00a0was dropped from these contracts-agreements, possibly as it became more and more evident that all the peoples that the Spanish explorers or those supported by the Spanish Crown were coming in contact with were unknown to the Europeans and did not necessarily represent the conditions that in the eyes of Europeans would render them enslavable.\u00a0<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

[1]<\/a>\u00a0Historian Luis Gil Fern\u00e1ndez was the first\u00a0to publicize the story of Juan Portugu\u00e9s.\u00a0The first recorded mention of Juan Portugu\u00e9s\u2019 presence in the Americas is a deposition from 1500 generated as part of the trial launched against Christopher Columbus on behalf of the Crown by the newly appointed governor of La Espa\u00f1ola, Francisco de Bobadilla, found by archivist Isabel Aguirre and studied by historian Consuelo Varela Bueno, where the man is identified as Juan Moreno or Juan Prieto. (Consuelo Varela Bueno and Isabel Aguirre:\u00a0La ca\u00edda de Crist\u00f3bal Col\u00f3n. El juicio de Bobadilla<\/em>, Madrid: Marcial Pons, Ediciones de Historia, 2006, p. 155). The original manuscript, \u201cpesquisa de Bobadilla,\u201d is in the section\u00a0Incorporado Juros<\/em>\u00a0of Archivo General de Simancas, (p. 178). The mentioning of Juan Moreno in\u00a0fo. 14r. of the original manuscript, p. 207 of Varela\u2019s edition: \u201cYten, dize que a un Juan Moreno que fue a ca\u00e7ar con un perro para la despensa del Almirante, e porque no traxo mucha ca\u00e7a le mand\u00f3 dar cient a\u00e7otes, los quales le dio un yndio, e el mismo Moreno le dio el preg\u00f3n yendo a pie e desnudo diziendo que gelos mandava dar por vellaco.\u201d \u201cN.M.: Juan Moreno fue a\u00e7otado porque fue a ca\u00e7ar y por vellaco.\u201d] and also in the \u201cSegunda parte. Resumen de los casos de justicia\u201d, fo. 4v., p. 246 in Varela\u2019s edition. In the English language scholarship, the first mention of a Black person traveling with Columbus that we are aware of is\u00a0The Caribbean: A History of the Region and Its Peoples,\u00a0<\/em>edited by Stephan Palmi\u00e9 and Francisco A. Scarano (Chicago; London: The University of Chicago Press, 2011).<\/p>

[2]<\/a>\u00a0In the last decade archaeologists have begun to take a closer look at the first known remains of a post-Columbian quasi-urban European settlement in the Americas, La Isabela, in the northern coastal region of today\u2019s Dominican Republic, founded by Columbus and his companions during his second visit to La Espa\u00f1ola in 1493. Some of the human skeletons found at the site have been initially identified as belonging to\u00a0Africans.<\/p>

[3]<\/a>\u00a0A Real C\u00e9dula of 1497 mentions a request that settlers of La Espa\u00f1ola had already presented by then to the Crown, asking for access to land in order\u00a0to set up sugar mills, an endeavor that at the time was known to involve using\u00a0enslaved Black labor force,\u00a0as was already done in the Madeira Islands and Canary Islands.<\/p>

[4]<\/a>\u00a0The original in Spanish says: [\u2026] \u201ce asymismo vos fasemos merced de toda manera desclavos negros o loros o otros de los que en Espa\u00f1a son tenidos por esclavos e que por raz\u00f3n lo deven ser.\u201d Demetrio Ramos,\u00a0Las capitulaciones de descubrimiento y rescates<\/em>. Serie Cuadernos Colombinos. Valladolid: Publicaciones de la Casa-Museo de Col\u00f3n y Seminario Americanista de la Universidad,\u00a01981;\u00a0Capitulaci\u00f3n<\/em>\u00a0to Vicente Ya\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n, June 6, 1499, p. 14;\u00a0Capitulaci\u00f3n<\/em>\u00a0to Alonso Velez de Mendoza, June 5, 1500, p. 16;\u00a0Comparecencias<\/em>\u00a0(addendum) to the agreement, July 20, 1500, p. 19;\u00a0Asiento<\/em>\u00a0with\u00a0Rodrigo de Bastidas, June 5, 1500, p. 25;\u00a0Capitulaci\u00f3n<\/em>\u00a0with Alonso de Ojeda, prohibiting explicitly the capturing of slaves. June 8, 1501, p. 30. The other\u00a0capitulaci\u00f3n<\/em>\u00a0with Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n, September 5, 1501, also prohibiting explicitly the capture of slaves, p. 35.<\/p>

<\/p>

[5]<\/a>\u00a0 Demetrio Ramos,\u00a0La explotaci\u00f3n del \u00e9xito colombino con el sistema de viajes de \u201cdescubrimiento y rescate\u201d<\/em>. Madrid: Testimonio Compa\u00f1\u00eda Editorial, 1992. Capitulaci\u00f3n con Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n, June 6, 1499.\u00a0Capitulaci\u00f3n<\/em>\u00a0issued to Alonso V\u00e9les de Mendoza, June 5, 1500 and addendum of July 20, 1500.\u00a0Also\u00a0capitulaci\u00f3n<\/em>\u00a0issued to Rodrigo de Bastidas on June 5 as well. The permission to enslave people in the territories to be explored, was, however,\u00a0subjected to a restriction, in the form of a requirement of\u00a0prior approval by the Crown, in a\u00a0capitulaci\u00f3n<\/em>\u00a0or agreement with explorer Alonso de Ojeda on June 8, 1501. In another agreement issued to Vicente Ya\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n on September 5, 1501, the possibility of capturing people as slaves in the lands explored is explicitly mentioned.<\/p>

[6]<\/a>\u00a0Cited\u00a0in\u00a0Carlos Esteban\u00a0<\/span>Deive,\u00a0<\/span>La esclavitud del negro en Santo Domingo (1492-1844).\u00a0<\/em>Vol. 1. Santo Domingo: Museo del Hombre Dominicano, 1980,\u00a0<\/span>p. 21-22.<\/p>

[7]<\/a>\u00a0Cited\u00a0in\u00a0Carlos Esteban\u00a0<\/span>Deive,\u00a0<\/span>La esclavitud del negro en Santo Domingo (1492-1844).\u00a0<\/em>Vol. 1. Santo Domingo: Museo del Hombre Dominicano, 1980,<\/span>\u00a0p. 21-22.<\/p>

[8]<\/a>\u00a0Archivo General de Indias, Indiferente, 418, L. 1, F. 39r-42r. \u201cNo consintereys ni dareys lugar que alla vayan moros ni judios ni herejes ni recon\u00e7illados ni personas convertidas a nuestra fee salvo si fueren esclavos negros o otros esclavos que ayan nacido en poder de cristianos nuestros\u201d.<\/p>

[9]<\/a>\u00a0The\u00a0asiento<\/em>\u00a0or agreement with\u00a0Luis de Arriaga authorizing him to lead a colonzing expedition to La Espa\u00f1ola is located at Archivo General de Indias, Indiferente, Legajo 418, Libro 1, fo. 33r., and the mentioning in it of the prohibition against the non-Christians\u00a0is in\u00a0fo. 34v. The reiteration of the 1502 prohibition forbidding non-Christians from going to the Indies is found at Archivo General de Indias, Indiferente, Legajo 418, Libro 1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Both free and enslaved blacks arrived since early on The first person of African descent known to have arrived in La Espa\u00f1ola in modern times was a Juan Moreno or Juan Prieto (John the Black), a free \u2013by all indications\u2014young Black man who accompanied Columbus as a servant in the 1492 and 1493 expeditions\u00a0(see Manuscript […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2401","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-summaries"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nBoth free and enslaved blacks arrived since early on - First Blacks in The Americas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/summaries\/arrival-01-free-and-enslaved\/\" \/>\n<link rel=\"next\" href=\"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/spn\/summaries\/arrival-01-free-and-enslaved\/2\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Both free and enslaved blacks arrived since early on - 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