{"id":3382,"date":"2025-10-12T10:53:33","date_gmt":"2025-10-12T10:53:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/?page_id=3382"},"modified":"2025-10-12T10:53:53","modified_gmt":"2025-10-12T10:53:53","slug":"fb-primary-039-manuscript","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/manuscripts\/fb-primary-039-manuscript","title":{"rendered":"Manuscript No. 039"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"3382\" class=\"elementor elementor-3382\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23a9e97 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"23a9e97\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a850216 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"a850216\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"176488982\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1764889821\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1764889821\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tManuscript \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1764889822\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1764889822\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tTranscription \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1764889823\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1764889823\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tTranslation \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1764889824\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1764889824\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCommentary \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1764889821\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1764889821\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-2e0b194 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2e0b194\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b209946 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b209946\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">Date:\u00a0 1579, April 22<\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">.\u00a0 Santo Domingo, La Espa\u00f1ola<br \/><\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">Theme:\u00a0 In the late 1570s colonial royal prosecutor of La Espa\u00f1ola Gaspar de Torres recommended the\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">importing of large amounts of enslaved Blacks at affordable prices to work in the gold<\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">\u00a0mines of the\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">colony, together with an end of the trade monopoly by Seville, as keys to the survival of the colony\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">and as an alternative to the widespread illegal trade that diminished the Crown\u2019s local revenues<br \/><\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">Source:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/pares.mcu.es\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PARES, Portal de Archivos Espa\u00f1oles&#8211;Archivo Genera<\/a><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/pares.mcu.es\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">l de Indias, SANTO_DOMINGO, 51,<\/span><span class=\"No_0020Spacing__Char\">R. 2, N. 34<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d1309c elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"7d1309c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe src=\"http:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Manuscript-039_15jlTWc.pdf\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600px\" style=\"border: none;\">\n    This browser does not support PDFs. Please download the PDF to view it: <a href=\"http:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Manuscript-039_15jlTWc.pdf\">Download PDF<\/a>.\n<\/iframe>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1764889822\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1764889822\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-8fb3f08 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8fb3f08\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3c1326 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"c3c1326\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe src=\"http:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/fb-primary-039-transcription.pdf\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600px\" style=\"border: none;\">\n    This browser does not support PDFs. Please download the PDF to view it: <a href=\"http:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/fb-primary-039-transcription.pdf\">Download PDF<\/a>.\n<\/iframe>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1764889823\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1764889823\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-28c780c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c780c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-844540c elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"844540c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe src=\"http:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/fb-primary-039-translation.pdf\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600px\" style=\"border: none;\">\n    This browser does not support PDFs. Please download the PDF to view it: <a href=\"http:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/fb-primary-039-translation.pdf\">Download PDF<\/a>.\n<\/iframe>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1764889824\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1764889824\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-338af01 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"338af01\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8535d34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8535d34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Date:<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\"> 1579, April 22.\u00a0 Santo Domingo, La Espa\u00f1ola.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Theme:\u00a0 In the late 1570s colonial royal prosecutor of La Espa\u00f1ola Gaspar de Torres recommended the<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0importing of large amounts of enslaved blacks at affordable prices to work in the gold mines of the<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559731&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0colony, together with an end of the trade monopoly by Seville, as keys to the survival of the colony<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559731&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0and as an alternative to the widespread illegal trade that diminished the Crown\u2019s local revenues<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559685&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Source: PARES, Portal de Archivos Espa\u00f1oles&#8211;Archivo General de Indias, SANTO_DOMINGO, 51,<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ol><li><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> 2, N. 34<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559731&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ol><p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559731&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">By the end of the 1570s, the practice of smuggling mostly manufactured goods and enslaved black Africans into La Espa\u00f1ola by merchant ships from countries other than Spain in exchange for local raw products like cane-sugar, hides and meat had become a widespread reality among the settlers of the entire northwestern and western territories of the colony.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559731&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This massive unchecked illegal trade disobeyed openly and defied frontally the monopolistic laws of the burgeoning Spanish empire that intended to force the settlers of La Espa\u00f1ola to do trade only and exclusively with the metropolis (and more specifically with the merchants of Seville), coercing them to buy only the products sent from the metropolis at the price imposed by the metropolis and to sell the colony\u2019s products only to the metropolis and at the prices dictated by the metropolis. The smuggling was essentially a collective act of colonial economic resistance, and even rebellion, by the settlers of an entire region of La Espa\u00f1ola, and in a way, most of the island, that saw it as their only way to access a fair, viable material life.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559731&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In 1579, in a letter to the Crown from Santo Domingo, colonial royal prosecutor Gaspar de Torres described in detail how entrenched the local social mechanics of the smuggling were, sustained by a sense of shared interest and a shared strategy of secrecy and violent enforcement among its many practitioners in the island, while comparing the official Spanish monopolistic rules of trade that motivated it to a tyranny.\u00a0 One of the main centers of this trade was the town of La Yaguana (possibly around today\u2019s Leoganne, in the Republic of Haiti), where 80-90 families resided, \u201cmost of them rich or of medium wealth because there are very few poor people,\u201d and they exported more than 40,000 hides per year, according to Torres.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559731&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">As a solution to a collective behavior that generated a sizable evading of royal taxes and thus of potential local royal revenues in La Espa\u00f1ola, Torres proposed that transoceanic freedom of trade between La Espa\u00f1ola and metropolitan ports different than Seville be implemented, together with the affordable and easy providing by the metropolis of large quantities of enslaved blacks (\u2018alguna qu<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">a<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ntidad de negros no peq<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ue\u00f1a<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2019) to the settlers for the exclusive purpose of digging gold and under enough enforcement as to assure these slaves would indeed concentrate on such an endeavor (\u2018q<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ue<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> no se ocupasen en otra cosa y [\u2026] q<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ue<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> no cessassen de andar a minas\u2019) .\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559731&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Torres\u2019 words are another testimony of the importance that many settlers continued to attribute, during the last third of the sixteenth century, to the availability of enslaved black labor for the\u00a0 survival and functioning of the colony\u2019s economy and of the colony itself as a viable piece of the empire, while his insistence on the need for constant vigilance upon the enslaved blacks talked to their constant documented efforts to resist or escape the drudgery of colonial enslavement.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559731&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Manuscript Transcription Translation Commentary Date:\u00a0 1579, April 22.\u00a0 Santo Domingo, La Espa\u00f1olaTheme:\u00a0 In the late 1570s colonial royal prosecutor of La Espa\u00f1ola Gaspar de Torres recommended the\u00a0importing of large amounts of enslaved Blacks at affordable prices to work in the gold\u00a0mines of the\u00a0colony, together with an end of the trade monopoly by Seville, as keys [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2721,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3382","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - 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