{"id":3290,"date":"2025-10-05T03:19:44","date_gmt":"2025-10-05T03:19:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/?page_id=3290"},"modified":"2025-10-05T03:25:36","modified_gmt":"2025-10-05T03:25:36","slug":"fb-primary-029-manuscript","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/firstblacks.org\/en\/manuscripts\/fb-primary-029-manuscript","title":{"rendered":"Manuscript No. 029"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"3290\" class=\"elementor elementor-3290\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09ef2d0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"09ef2d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bbb5a3 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"4bbb5a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"79410595\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-794105951\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-794105951\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tManuscript \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-794105952\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-794105952\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tTranscription \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-794105953\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-794105953\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tTranslation \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-794105954\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-794105954\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCommentary \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-794105951\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-794105951\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-9c52a7b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9c52a7b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bdc1ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8bdc1ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Date: 1537, February 3.\u00a0 [Valladolid?], Spain<\/strong><br \/><strong>Theme:\u00a0 Royal letter from king Charles V of Spain to the\u00a0<em>oidores<\/em>\u00a0or judges of the Audiencia of Santo\u00a0Domingo ordering them to stop allowing judicial appeals submitted to the Council of the Indies\u00a0against the Audiencia\u2019s sentences by Indians and Blacks of La Espa\u00f1ola condemned to the death\u00a0penalty or dismemberment or torture by the Audiencia, and to act as court of appeals of those same cases.<\/strong><br \/><strong>Source:<a href=\"http:\/\/pares.mcu.es\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a0PARES, Portal de Archivos Espa\u00f1oles&#8211;Archivo General de Indias, SANTO_DOMINGO, 868,\u00a0L.1,F.14V-15R<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bc3b09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"5bc3b09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe src=\"http:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Manuscript-029_322kuue.pdf\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600px\" style=\"border: none;\">\n    This browser does not support PDFs. Please download the PDF to view it: <a href=\"http:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Manuscript-029_322kuue.pdf\">Download PDF<\/a>.\n<\/iframe>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-794105952\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-794105952\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-b33bb0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b33bb0c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6433f51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"6433f51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe src=\"http:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Transcription-029_dlNQke7.pdf\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600px\" style=\"border: none;\">\n    This browser does not support PDFs. Please download the PDF to view it: <a href=\"http:\/\/firstblacks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Transcription-029_dlNQke7.pdf\">Download PDF<\/a>.\n<\/iframe>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-794105953\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-794105953\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-0b78b3b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0b78b3b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6315fa1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6315fa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Date:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1537, February 3.\u00a0 [Valladolid?], Spain.<\/strong><br \/><strong>Theme:\u00a0 Royal letter from king Charles V of Spain to the\u00a0<em>oidores<\/em>\u00a0or judges of the Audiencia of Santo Domingo\u00a0ordering them to stop allowing judicial appeals submitted to the Council of the Indies against the\u00a0Audiencia\u2019s sentences by Indians and Blacks of La Espa\u00f1ola condemned to the death penalty or\u00a0dismemberment or torture by the Audiencia, and to act as court of appeals of those same cases.<\/strong><br \/><strong>Source: PARES, Portal de Archivos Espa\u00f1oles&#8211;Archivo General de Indias, SANTO_DOMINGO, 868, L.1,F.40V-41R. (xl v. \u2013 xli r.)\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><table border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"><tbody><tr><td valign=\"top\" width=\"229\"><p>[fo. xl v. (40v.)]<\/p><p>so that in the criminal trials of blacks \/\u00a0<br \/>or Indians \/<br \/>no appeals be granted for these\/<br \/>realms \/<br \/>requested \/\u00a0<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"420\"><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><br \/>President and\u00a0<em>oidores<\/em>\u00a0of our royal\u00a0<em>Audiencia<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>chancilleria<\/em>\u00a0 \/<br \/>of the Espa\u00f1ola island, I have been informed \/<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td valign=\"top\" width=\"229\"><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>[fo. xli r. (41r.)]<\/p><\/td><td valign=\"top\" width=\"420\"><p>\u00a0<br \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 [xli ]<\/p><p>that the Indians and blacks, because of the crimes they commit \/<br \/>in that land, you proceed against them, and that \/<br \/>some of the ones you condemn to death in accordance to justice \/<br \/>appeal at these our kingdoms, \/<br \/>for which, due to the delay, there are inconveniences, to \/<br \/>avoid which, after discussing it at our Council of the \/<br \/>Indies, it was agreed that I should mandate to issue \/<br \/>this my decree, by which we order you that, if \/<br \/>the Indians and blacks that, by means of sentence, you may have\/<br \/>condemned or hereafter may condemn \/<br \/>to death or loss of \/<br \/>a limb or issue of torture\u00a0in accordance to justice, may appeal to \/<br \/>our kingdoms before us against the sentence \/<br \/>or sentences that you may have issued or may issue<br \/>against them,\u00a0 hereafter\u00a0 you must not grant them \u00a0the said appeal.\u00a0 Rather, after calling and listening to the parties, you\u00a0 must receive [<em>them<\/em>] in second appeal, admitting the supplications that<br \/>may be presented about such sentences, you must administer<br \/>and execute what you may decide as justice, so that none of them [<em>the parties<\/em>] receives damage.\u00a0 And the\u00a0 \/<br \/>content of this my decree you must comply with as one of\u00a0 the \/<br \/>ordinances of that\u00a0<em>audiencia<\/em>, and hence do not do otherwise.<br \/>Issued in The Village [<em>Madrid<\/em>] on three days of February of one thousand \/<br \/>and five hundred and thirty seven years.\u00a0 I the King \/<br \/>Certified and signed by the said ones \/\/\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-794105954\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-794105954\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-b843b7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b843b7a\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bc6188 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9bc6188\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Date: 1537, February 3.\u00a0 [Valladolid?], Spain.<\/strong><br \/><strong>Theme:\u00a0 Royal letter from king Charles V of Spain to the\u00a0<em>oidores<\/em>\u00a0or judges of the Audiencia of Santo\u00a0Domingo ordering them to stop allowing judicial appeals submitted to the Council of the Indies\u00a0against the Audiencia\u2019s sentences by Indians and Blacks of La Espa\u00f1ola condemned to the death\u00a0penalty or dismemberment or torture by the Audiencia, and to act as court of appeals of those same cases.<\/strong><br \/><strong>Source: PARES, Portal de Archivos Espa\u00f1oles&#8211;Archivo General de Indias, SANTO_DOMINGO, 868,\u00a0L.1,F.14V-15R.<\/strong><\/p><p>This letter from King Charles V to the judges of the\u00a0<em>Audiencia<\/em>\u00a0of Santo Domingo\u00a0 in 1537 seems to be a firm indication that at least \u00a0early on during the colonization process in La Espa\u00f1ola, Taino natives and Blacks who had been condemned\u00a0 to the death penalty by the local tribunal of Santo Domingo had been successfully using the Spanish judicial appeal mechanism at least to postpone the implementation of local sentences by the\u00a0<em>Audiencia<\/em>\u00a0 by submitting their appeals to the Council of the Indies in the metropolis, a process that took at least a number of months, if we take into account the usual time of the transoceanic journey, plus whatever time\u00a0 these requests took, having reached Spain, to move up through the maze of the Council of the Indies\u2019 justice bureaucracy.\u00a0<\/p><p>The decision by the Crown to stop appeals to the Council of the Indies and to bestow appeal-review powers on the\u00a0<em>Audiencia<\/em>\u00a0of Santo Domingo in these cases must have been a big blow to La Espa\u00f1ola\u2019s Amerindians and Blacks, whose alloted time for negotiating the toughest sentences must have been reduced considerably, while most likely having their chances for a different assessment of their case equally diminished by the fact\u00a0 that it was the same judges who had already condemned them who would now be in charge of taking a putative second look at those cases.\u00a0<\/p><p>Based at least on this evidence, the year 1537 may be considered one in which the social control exerted by the colonial authorities or system upon Indians and\u00a0 Blacks, the bulk of the subaltern population of the island, harshened. It may be worthwhile, from a historiographical point of view, for us to ask why the harshening came precisely at this time. Did it have anything to do with an increase in actions of resistance by the most oppressed people in the colony?<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Manuscript Transcription Translation Commentary Date: 1537, February 3.\u00a0 [Valladolid?], SpainTheme:\u00a0 Royal letter from king Charles V of Spain to the\u00a0oidores\u00a0or judges of the Audiencia of Santo\u00a0Domingo ordering them to stop allowing judicial appeals submitted to the Council of the Indies\u00a0against the Audiencia\u2019s sentences by Indians and Blacks of La Espa\u00f1ola condemned to the death\u00a0penalty or [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2721,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3290","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - 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